Contribution of upcycling surplus hydrogen to design a sustainable supply chain: The case study of Northern Spain

PSA purification of waste hydrogen from ammonia plants to fuel cell grade

“…The hydrogen from these waste streams, which are normally burned or dumped to the atmosphere, can potentially be recovered and used as feedstock for the manufacture of commodities such as ammonia or methanol, or even upgraded to fuel for both transportation and stationary applications. In a previous work [14], we have reinforced the fact that the use of inexpensive surplus hydrogen sources offers an economic approach to cover hydrogen demand in the very early stage of transition to the future global hydrogen-incorporated economy. Depending on the industrial origin, low-quality H2 streams could contain different types of contaminants such as H2O, H2S, CO2, C2 + , CH4, CO and N2, that can affect performance and durability of the fuel cells in different ways, permanently or reversibly [15].…”

Exploring the Potential Application of Matrimid® and ZIFs-Based Membranes for Hydrogen Recovery: A Review

“…According to the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH), formed by 17 companies and organizations, 2250 terawatt hours (TWh) of hydrogen could be generated in Europe in 2050 (one quarter of the EU’s total energy demand), causing a positive impact on CO 2 emissions—a reduction of 560 Mt. This scenario implies the necessity of increasing hydrogen availability from primary and secondary resources, which depend on the regional availability of coal, natural gas, biomass, nuclear, solar, wind and electricity using electrolyzers, and at the same time calls for the recovery of hydrogen lost in industrial waste gas streams [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. The major hydrogen-rich off gas streams include captive industries related to ammonia and methanol manufacture; oil refining; and by-product industries, e.g., petrochemical, steel-making and chloro-alkali industries [ 12 , 13 ].…”

The role of hydrogen‐based power systems in the energy transition of the residential sector

“…8 Despite nowadays more than 95% of total hydrogen being produced by steam methane reforming (SMR), 9 the production of green hydrogen obtained through water electrolysis and renewable energy is being highly promoted. 10 Moreover, hydrogen can be obtained from industrial waste streams with high hydrogen content 11,12 requiring an intermediate purification stage. 13,14 This hydrogen is used for various purposes: to balance the grid when needed using a fuel cell (FC) system (power-to-power); 15 to be blended in the natural gas grid or used as feedstock in industrial processes in refineries, steelmaking or chemical plants (power-to-gas); 16 to be used as fuel in the transport sector (power-to-fuel); 17,18 or to be employed as a valuable commodity to produce chemical compounds or synthetic fuels (power-tofeedstock).…”