Contribution of unburned lubricating oil and diesel fuel to particulate emission from passenger cars

Brandenberger, Sandro; Mohr, Martin; Grob, Koni; Neukom, H.

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.07.042

Cited by 104 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…There have been few studies investigating the contribution of lubricating oil and fuel to the emitted diesel POA, suggesting 20 to 80 % influence from lubricating oil (Worton et al, 2014;Brandenberger et al, 2005;Kleeman et al, 2008;Sonntag et al, 2012). Most recently, it has been suggested that ≥ 80 % of the SVOC composition is dominated by branched cycloalkanes with one or more rings and one or more branched alkyl side chain (Worton et al, 2014).…”

Section: Analysis Of Diesel Engine Emissions (Particulate Phase)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous research has used a limited range of tracer compounds, or homologous series, for the quantification of emissions, considering representative species that can be distinguished from the bulk of the mass, typically involving analysis of the n-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), hopanes and steranes (Schauer et al, 1999(Schauer et al, , 2002, each of which represent only a small fraction of the total mass or number of compounds emitted and might lead to an underestimation of the importance of lubricating oil as a source of SOA (Brandenberger et al, 2005;Fujita et al, 2007). Rogge et al (1993) investigated the sources of fine organic aerosol from non-catalyst-and catalyst-equipped vehicles using one-dimensional GC-MS but could only resolve 10-15 % of the organics, including n-alkanes and PAHs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mapping and quantifying isomer sets of hydrocarbons ( ≥ C<sub>12</sub>) in diesel exhaust, lubricating oil and diesel fuel samples using GC × GC-ToF-MS

et al. 2018

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Abstract. Airborne particles and vapours, like many other environmental samples including water, soils and sediments, contain complex mixtures of hydrocarbons, often deriving from crude oil either before or after fractionation into fuels, lubricants and feedstocks. Comprehensive 2D gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GCToF-MS), offers a very powerful technique that separates and identifies many compounds in complicated hydrocarbon mixtures. However, quantification and identification of individual constituents at high ionization energies would require hundreds of expensive (when available) standards for calibration. Although the precise chemical structure of hydrocarbons does matter for their environmental impact and fate, strong similarities can be expected for compounds having very similar chemical structures and carbon numbers. There is, therefore, a clear benefit in an analytical technique which is specific enough to separate different classes of compounds and to distinguish homologous series while avoiding the need to handle each isomer individually. Varying EI (electron impact) ionization mass spectrometry significantly enhances the identification of individual isomers and homologous compound groups, which we refer to as "isomer sets". Advances are reported in mapping and quantifying isomer sets of hydrocarbons (≥ C 12 ) in diesel fuel, lubricating oil and diesel exhaust emissions. By using this analysis we report mass closures of ca. 90 and 75 % for diesel fuel and lubricating oil, and identify 85 and 75 % of the total ion current for gas-and particulate-phase diesel exhaust emissions.

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Section: Analysis Of Diesel Engine Emissions (Particulate Phase)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping and quantifying isomer sets of hydrocarbons ( ≥ C<sub>12</sub>) in diesel exhaust, lubricating oil and diesel fuel samples using GC × GC-ToF-MS

et al. 2018

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“…Particularly cool diesel engines also emit unburned diesel oil (Brandenberger et al, 2005), characterised by MOSH from C 14 to C 24 , including n-alkanes, but this was a less important contaminant in foods.…”

Section: Lubricating Oilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons in Food

2012

EFS2

102

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Consumers are exposed to a range of mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) via food. Mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) consist of linear and branched alkanes, and alkyl-substituted cyclo-alkanes, whilst mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) include mainly alkyl-substituted polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Products, commonly specified according to their physico-chemical properties, may differ in chemical composition depending on the oil source. Technical grade MOH contain 15 -35 % MOAH, which is minimised in food grade MOSH (white oils). Major sources of MOH in food are food packaging and additives, processing aids, and lubricants. Estimated MOSH exposure ranged from 0.03 to 0.3 mg/kg b.w. per day, with higher exposure in children. Specific production practices of bread and grains may provide additional MOSH exposure. Except for white oils, exposure to MOAH is about 20 % of that of MOSH. Absorption of alkanes with carbon number above C 35 is negligible. Branched and cyclic alkanes are less efficiently oxidised than n-alkanes. MOSH from C 16 to C 35 may accumulate and cause microgranulomas in several tissues including lymph nodes, spleen and liver. Hepatic microgranulomas associated with inflammation in Fischer 344 rats were considered the critical effect. The no-observed-adverse-effect level for induction of liver microgranulomas by the most potent MOSH, 19 mg/kg b.w. per day, was used as a Reference Point for calculating margins of exposure (MOEs) for background MOSH exposure. MOEs ranged from 59 to 680. Hence, background exposure to MOSH via food in 1 On request from the European Commission, Question No EFSA-Q-2010-00170, adopted on 3 May 2012. 2 SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) in Food. Mineral oil hydrocarbons occur in food both as a result of contamination and from various intentional uses in food production. In order to assess the need for possible regulatory measures as regards MOH in food, EFSA was requested to assess the risks related to their occurrence in food. More specifically, the opinion should evaluate whether new toxicity data are available and whether the current acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) are still applicable, explore whether certain classes (or subclasses) of MOH are more relevant due to their toxicity or to differences in the way they are metabolised by the human body, and identify the different background sources, other than from adulteration or misuse, of MOH occurrence in food. In addition a dietary exposure assessment was requested for the general population and for specific subgroups of the population (e.g. infants, children and people following specific diets), by taking into account the background occurrence of MOH in food. Included in the request was also to advise on MOH and food classes to be included if monitoring were to be set up for their presence in food.The scientific literature and other sources were s...

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“…Since the local wind patterns move predictably across the railyard during summertime nights, the RRAMP measurements were conducted during the summers from 2005(Campbell and Fujita 2009Christofk 2009) in order to track promised reductions in railyard aerosols. RRAMP measured NO, NO 2 , and black carbon (BC) hourly on a southeast to northwest transect across the railyard parallel to the regular nighttime downslope winds.…”

Section: Rramp and Placer County Apcd Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Inorganic and Organic Aerosols Downwind of California's Roseville Railyard

Cahill¹,

Cahill²,

Barnes³

et al. 2011

Aerosol Science and Technology

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Inorganic and organic constituents of aerosols from a major railyard and repair facility were characterized to develop a profile of emissions from railyard activities. The railyard has very consistent downslope winds blowing laterally across the railyard for about 8 hours each night, so two sampling stations were used, one just upwind of the railyard and one downwind adjacent to the railyard fence line. Aerosol samples were collected by rotating drum impactors (DRUM and Lundgren) in up to 9 size modes for 5 weeks in summer and fall of 2005 in tandem with the Roseville Received 13 June 2010; accepted 10 March 2011. The authors wish to acknowledge the continual support, encouragement, and expert scientific guidance of the Health Effects Task Force (HETF) of Breathe California of Sacramento-Emigrant Trails, its Chair, Jan Sharpless, and its Consultant, Betty Turner. HETF is a long term (1994) standing committee of volunteer experts from state and local agencies, universities and medical organizations. It provides high level technical expertise to Breath California of Sacramento Emigrant Trails, a local NGO that has focused on protecting lungs from disease, smoking, and air pollution since 1917. (http://www.sacbreathe.org).The Detection and Evaluation of Long-range Transport of Aerosols (DELTA) Group is a primarily global climate research association headquartered at UC Davis (http://delta.ucdavis.edu) that lends its samplers, analytical capabilities, and expertise to problems of human health. The staff of the Placer County APCD, especially Yushuo Chang, Kurt Schreiber, and Mike Sims, who were exemplary in their support of our field analyses and their provision of meteorology and data from RRAMP. We would like to gratefully acknowledge EPA Region IX for funding the organic analysis (Meredith Kurpius, project manager).The authors also gratefully acknowledge the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) for the provision of the HYS-PLIT transport and dispersion model and/or READY website (http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready.html) used in this publication.This report has benefited greatly from the comments and suggestions of the RRAMP Technical Advisory Committee, but the opinions expressed herein are solely those of the authors.Address correspondence to Thomas A. Cahill, DELTA Group, University of California-Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA. E-mail: tacahill@ucdavis.edu Railyard Aerosol Monitoring Project (RRAMP), which measured, black carbon (BC) PM 2 , as well as NO and NO 2 . The DRUM aerosol samples were analyzed for mass, optical absorption, and elemental content in 3 h time resolution to allow separation of day and night. Organic analysis was conducted on another set of time integrated size-segregated samples taken by a Lundgren impactor during nighttime hours. The ratio between the downwind versus upwind sites at night was as high as 21.9 (NO, RRAMP) and 6.4 (optical absorption, DRUM) but many species had ratios greater than 2, demonstrating which aerosols arose from railyard activities. The main emissions fro...

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Contribution of unburned lubricating oil and diesel fuel to particulate emission from passenger cars

Cited by 104 publications

References 26 publications

Mapping and quantifying isomer sets of hydrocarbons ( ≥ C<sub>12</sub>) in diesel exhaust, lubricating oil and diesel fuel samples using GC × GC-ToF-MS

Mapping and quantifying isomer sets of hydrocarbons ( ≥ C<sub>12</sub>) in diesel exhaust, lubricating oil and diesel fuel samples using GC × GC-ToF-MS

Scientific Opinion on Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons in Food

Inorganic and Organic Aerosols Downwind of California's Roseville Railyard

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Contribution of unburned lubricating oil and diesel fuel to particulate emission from passenger cars

Cited by 104 publications

References 26 publications

Mapping and quantifying isomer sets of hydrocarbons ( ≥ C&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;) in diesel exhaust, lubricating oil and diesel fuel samples using GC × GC-ToF-MS

Mapping and quantifying isomer sets of hydrocarbons ( ≥ C&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;) in diesel exhaust, lubricating oil and diesel fuel samples using GC × GC-ToF-MS

Scientific Opinion on Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons in Food

Inorganic and Organic Aerosols Downwind of California's Roseville Railyard

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Mapping and quantifying isomer sets of hydrocarbons ( ≥ C<sub>12</sub>) in diesel exhaust, lubricating oil and diesel fuel samples using GC × GC-ToF-MS

Mapping and quantifying isomer sets of hydrocarbons ( ≥ C<sub>12</sub>) in diesel exhaust, lubricating oil and diesel fuel samples using GC × GC-ToF-MS