Contribution of Tissues to Body Mass in Elk

Meadows, S.D.; Hakonson, T.E.

doi:10.2307/3808588

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Since the growth rate may reach over 100 g per day between May and July, enormous bone mass-generally 7-9 kg, occasionally 13-15 kg, as reported from the DanubeDrava-Gemenc-Bilje National Park in Hungary and Croatia-develops within 100-120 days. The antler's bone mass can reach up to 25-30% of the skeletal mass, which is estimated to be 10% of live weight (Meadows and Hakonson 1982), about 30 kg in our case. In the period of intense antler growth, the demand for mineral precursors exceeds the dietary intake by browsing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Identifying novel genes involved in both deer physiological and human pathological osteoporosis

et al. 2008

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Osteoporosis attacks 10% of the population worldwide. Humans or even the model animals of the disease cannot recover from porous bone. Regeneration in skeletal elements is the unique feature of our newly investigated osteoporosis model, the red deer (Cervus elaphus) stag. Cyclic physiological osteoporosis is a consequence of the annual antler cycle. This phenomenon raises the possibility to identify genes involved in the regulation of bone mineral density on the basis of comparative genomics between deer and human. We compare gene expression activity of osteoporotic and regenerating rib bone samples versus autumn dwell control in red deer by microarray hybridization. Identified genes were tested on human femoral bone tissue from non-osteoporotic controls and patients affected with age-related osteoporosis. Expression data were evaluated by Principal Components Analysis and Canonical Variates Analysis. Separation of patients into a normal and an affected group based on ten formerly known osteoporosis reference genes was significantly improved by expanding the data with newly identified genes. These genes include IGSF4, FABP3, FABP4, FKBP2, TIMP2, TMSB4X, TRIB, and members of the Wnt signaling. This study supports that extensive comparative genomic analyses, here deer and human, provide a novel approach to identify new targets for human diagnostics and therapy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Identifying novel genes involved in both deer physiological and human pathological osteoporosis

et al. 2008

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“…1 gBrain350—(36)Spinal Cord50—Assumed to be small compared to brain, approx. 1/7 mass of brainCerebrospinal Fluid—330Based on 1:0.02 human brain:cerebrospinal fluid ratio (36)Blood—4,000Assuming 4L of blood presentKidneys443—(36)Urinary Bladder10—Assumed to be small organ, but thick walled for expansionUrine—8,333(5)Rectal Follicles10—Assumed to be smaller and less numerous than tonsilsFeces23,4000–(23) …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intra-host mathematical model of chronic wasting disease dynamics in deer (Odocoileus)

Holcomb

Galloway

Mathiason

et al. 2016

Prion

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Bioassays of native cervid hosts have established the presence of infectious chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in saliva, blood, urine, and feces of clinically diseased and pre-clinical infected deer. The intra-host trafficking of prions from the time of initial infection to shedding has been less well defined. We created a discrete-time compartmentalized model to simulate the misfolding catalysis, trafficking, and shedding of infectious prions throughout the organ systems of CWD-infected cervids. Using parameter values derived from experimental infections of North American deer (Odocoileus spp.), the exponential-based model predicts prion deposition over time with: 1) nervous tissues containing the highest deposition of prions at 20 months post-infection and 2) excreted fluids containing low levels of prions throughout infection with the highest numbers of prions predicted to be shed in saliva and feces (as high as 10 lethal doses (1.34 × 1029 prions) in 11–15 months). These findings are comparable to prion deposition described in literature as assayed by conventional and ultrasensitive amplification assays. The comparison of our model to published data suggests that highly sensitive assays (sPMCA, RT-QuIC, and bioassay) are appropriate for early prion detection in bodily fluids and secretions. The model provides a view of intra-host prion catalysis leading to pre-clinical shedding and provides a framework for continued development of antemortem diagnostic methods.

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“…Data for African elephant other than mature males are restricted to ranges of thyroid mass and body mass (Sikes, 1971). Other sources are Quiring (1938), Crile & Quiring (1940), and Meadows & Hakonson (1982).…”

Section: Deficiency Of Micronutrients For Megaherbivoresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why are very large herbivores absent from Australia? A new theory of micronutrients

Milewski¹,

Diamond²

2000

Journal of Biogeography

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AimWe propose a Megacatalyst Theory, based on the pivotal role of the micronutrients iodine (I), cobalt (Co) and selenium (Se), in answer to the body size anomaly of herbivores on different continents, and the previously unexplained absence of megaherbivores in certain environments.Location It is anomalous that megaherbivores are absent from Australia while present in even dry and nutrient-poor parts of southern Africa, and that they have been exterminated from the Americas, but not south-east Asia. MethodsWe hypothesize that I, Co and Se are micronutrients in quantity, but megacatalysts in effect, determining maximum body size and pace of life, hence whether energy is used by animals or fire. The Megacatalyst Theory suggests that the greater the reproductive rate and brain size relative to body size, the greater the probable demand for I, Co and Se. ResultsBalanced supply of I, Co and Se, within narrow tolerances, is elusive because of disparate cycles: I gravitates towards the sea, whereas Co and Se are concentrated in ultramafics and organic shales, respectively. Sufficiency of these micronutrients, at less than toxic concentrations, is vital for rapid metabolism and growth, particularly of the nervous system. Iodine controls thermogenesis, Co controls the gut fermentation supplying herbivores, and Se controls biochemical damage where both processes occur rapidly. The supply of Co allows vegetation to be metabolized instead of combusted, by promoting digestion of fibre by gut microbes. Herbivores demand I, Co and Se in greater concentrations than palatable plants necessarily contain, as an increasing proportion of energy is fermented from fibre with increasing body size. Economy of scale is limited by loss of I in urine (partly compensated by thyroid size), Co in faeces (partly compensated by gut compartments), and Se both ways. Main conclusionsThe larger the herbivore species, the more it may depend on supplementation in order to survive predation by humans. As body mass increases, Co becomes deficient before I, because it is essential for rumination, and cannot be absorbed by the skin. Moderate uplift of a fairly flat landscape sustainably supplies I from mineralized springs, and Co from rocks (and Se from both), avoiding the excess of I in the sea and the excess of Co on high mountains. Iodine and Se leached to groundwater under dry climates are inaccessible to herbivores on a continent as flat as Australia, where even kangaroos have limited fecundity and intelligence compared to southern African ruminants of similar body mass. Where springs and associated earth-licks were available in the late Pleistocene, megaherbivores could evolve to survive the era of domestication.

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Contribution of Tissues to Body Mass in Elk

Cited by 8 publications

References 5 publications

Identifying novel genes involved in both deer physiological and human pathological osteoporosis

Identifying novel genes involved in both deer physiological and human pathological osteoporosis

Intra-host mathematical model of chronic wasting disease dynamics in deer (Odocoileus)

Why are very large herbivores absent from Australia? A new theory of micronutrients

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