Contribution of the skin, rectus abdominis and their sheaths to the structural response of the abdominal wall ex vivo

Abdominal wall muscle elasticity and abdomen local stiffness on healthy volunteers during various physiological activities

“…The current results at rest in vivo could be analyzed in the light of previous results ex vivo (Tran et al, 2014). For the rectus abdominis, in the parallel orientation the mean shear modulus was found to be 5.2 kPa in sessions A and 11.3 kPa in session B (in the current study in vivo), and reached 14 kPa ex vivo (Tran et al, 2014).…”

“…Numerous experimental studies were conducted to characterize ex vivo the mechanical response of the abdominal wall (Junge et al, 2001;Podwojewski et al, 2013Podwojewski et al, , 2014 or its components (Ben Abdelounis et al, 2013;Cooney et al, 2015;Förstemann et al, 2011;Grässel et al, 2005;Hollinsky and Sandberg, 2007;Kirilova et al, 2011;Korenkov et al, 2001;Lyons et al, 2014;Martins et al, 2012;Rath et al, 1996;Tran et al, 2014;Wolloscheck et al, 2004). However, in vivo examinations are required to take into consideration muscle activity and to study patterns of muscle activation during different tasks and postures using electromyography (Brown and McGill, 2010;Crommert et al, 2011;McCook et al, 2009;Urquhart et al, 2005;Vera-Garcia et al, 2007).…”

Developing a new methodology to characterize in vivo the passive mechanical behavior of abdominal wall on an animal model

“…On the other side, some authors (Förstemann et al, 2011;Tran et al, 2014;Podwojewski et al, 2014) found a higher compliance in the longitudinal than in the transverse directions when performing in vitro and ex vivo tests of the whole abdominal muscle samples of human. Similar results were found in Song et al (2006) with the only in vivo experiment, according to author's knowledge, performed on abdominal human tissue.…”

“…when all components are working together, are needed to better determine its mechanical behavior. Particular highlights in this regard are Podwojewski et al (2014) and Tran et al (2014), who carried out ex vivo mechanical tests on human specimens considering the contribution of the different layers, and Song et al (2006) and Szymczak et al (2012), who performed in vivo tests measuring on a live human abdomen while this was subjected to different stresses. All these works, however, have some differences or limitations.…”

“…All these works, however, have some differences or limitations. Both Podwojewski et al (2014) and Tran et al (2014) works were based on ex vivo tests instead of in vivo, and defrosted human specimens were used without considering frozen effects on the mechanical response (Clavert et al, 2001;Giannini et al, 2008). Szymczak et al (2012) studied strains in some points of the specimen but stress was originated from muscle contraction, so active response of the muscle was studied there.…”