Contribution of the free energy of the three-phase line of contact to the thermodynamic equilibrium conditions of a metal solvent droplet in Si and Ge whisker growth

Небольсин, В. А.; Suyatin, Dmitry; Dunaev, A. I.; Шмакова, С. С.; Завалишин, М. А.; Ivannikova, E. V.

doi:10.1134/s0020168515030127

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 6 publications

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“…In such a case, a condition similar to a melt pinned to a crystal edge occurs when the methods developed by Czochralski and Stepanov are used, i.e., when the catalyst droplet wets the facet of the crystallization front and does not wet a sidewall surface of the NWs (nonwetting condition (or mode) of NW growth [10,11,13]). For a nonwetting growth model, the linear energy that occurs when the catalyst droplet does not wet the sidewall surface of the NWs and a flat crystallization front appears under the droplet was carefully analyzed in [7,14,15]. However, it is well known that at large contact angles of catalyst droplets on the top of the NWs at the crystallization front, curved sections and even oblique densely packed faces can appear, leading to the formation of facets on the sidewall of the crystal [3,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Growth Theory for Vapor–Liquid–Solid Nanowires: Wetting Scenario, Front Curvature, Growth Angle, Linear Tension, and Radial Instability

Небольсин

Swaikat

Vorob’ev

2020

Journal of Nanotechnology

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In this paper, we report that under wetting conditions (or modes) of nanowire (NW) growth, when a nonplanar crystallization front emerges under a catalyst droplet, a shift in the three-phase line (TPL) of the vapor–liquid–crystal interface occurs under thermodynamically stable conditions when the angle with respect to the droplet surface, termed the growth angle, is fixed. The growth angle of the NWs is determined not from a geometrical perspective but on the basis of the physical aspects of the processes occurring around the TPL, revealing a size dependence caused by the influence of linear tension of the three-phase contact of a vapor–liquid crystal. The observed radial periodic instability of the NWs is described according to the size dependence of the thermodynamic growth angle, which induces negative feedback in the system. Under the influence of linear tension and positive feedback, the tips or needles of NWs can be formed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Growth Theory for Vapor–Liquid–Solid Nanowires: Wetting Scenario, Front Curvature, Growth Angle, Linear Tension, and Radial Instability

Небольсин

Swaikat

Vorob’ev

2020

Journal of Nanotechnology

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About a fundamental uncertainty of the contact angle of the catalyst drop on the top of the nanowire

Небольсин

Levchenko

Swaikat

et al. 2021

Journal of Applied Physics

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In this paper, we aim to explain a fundamental uncertainty of the contact angle of the drops catalyzing vapor–liquid–solid growth of semiconductor nanowires (NWs). We developed the concepts about the crystallization processes occurring near the triple-phase boundary as well as the conditions of equilibrium wetting of NW top surface singular with a catalyst liquid drop characterized by the NW contact angle. We demonstrated that due to either dissolution of the crystallizable substance or its precipitation from the liquid catalyst drop on the NW tip, the wetting perimeter of the drop is not fixed and the drop can take an equilibrium shape with the NW contact angle, which does not satisfy Young's equation. The NW contact angle corresponds to the indifferent equilibrium of the catalyst droplet because of the wetting hysteresis. We proposed that the fundamental uncertainty of the NW contact angle of the catalyst drop saturated with a crystallizable substance at the NW tip is a result of the interaction of two opposing competing processes: the spheroidization of the catalytic liquid during the gravity neutralization and the wetting. We concluded that the steady-state NW contact angle of the drop depends on the free surface energies of the solid/liquid and liquid/vapor phase boundaries but does not depend on the free surface energy of the vertical sidewalls of the NWs. In this paper, we also proposed a new method to find the free surface energies of phase boundaries by the shape of the catalyst droplet on the NW tip as well as on the substrate. The paper also presents the results of obtaining the interphase free energy of the boundaries in Si-Au, Si-Cu, Ge-Au, GaAs-Au, InAs-Au, SiC-Fe, InP-Au, and so on systems.

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Contribution of the free energy of the three-phase line of contact to the thermodynamic equilibrium conditions of a metal solvent droplet in Si and Ge whisker growth

Cited by 2 publications

References 6 publications

Development of Growth Theory for Vapor–Liquid–Solid Nanowires: Wetting Scenario, Front Curvature, Growth Angle, Linear Tension, and Radial Instability

Development of Growth Theory for Vapor–Liquid–Solid Nanowires: Wetting Scenario, Front Curvature, Growth Angle, Linear Tension, and Radial Instability

About a fundamental uncertainty of the contact angle of the catalyst drop on the top of the nanowire

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