Contribution of the body parts to throwing performance

Toyoshima, Satoshi; Hoshikawa, Tamotsu; Miyashita, Mafumi; Oguri, Tetsuya

doi:10.1007/978-1-349-02612-8_24

Cited by 70 publications

(38 citation statements)

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“…It is known that extension of the elbow joint is subject to the torque produced by rotation of the body in addition to actions of the main agonist, the triceps brachii [Toyoshima, et al, (1974)], therefore this phenomenon indicates that decreased twist of the trunk will cause a drop in the torque applied to the throwing arm. It is then suggested that the elbow joint, when fl exed in greater degrees, will shorten the distance between rotation axis of the trunk and ball, and as moment arm decreases, throwing velocities will drop.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Though studies on throwing motions often focus on the throwing arm movement, Toyoshima, et al, (1974) reported that contributions of the throwing arm to the throwing velocity was 53.1%, indicating the importance of energy transferred by the trunk rotation. Miyanishi, et al, (1997) conducted a three-dimensional analysis of the throwing motion, showing that the maximum mechanical energy is generated sequentially from the upper torso, upper arm, forearm, hand, and then to the ball.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Non-throwing Arm on Trunk and Throwing Arm Movements in Baseball Pitching

Ishida

Hirano

2004

Int. J. Sport Health Sci.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of non-throwing arm on trunk and throwing arm movements in baseball pitching. Ten right-handed collegiate baseball players were asked to throw baseballs under two conditions, the normal and the restricted conditions. Under the restricted condition, non-throwing arm was fi xed to the trunk by a rubber band. Their motions were analyzed by three-dimensional high-speed motion analysis and compared between two conditions. Under the restricted condition, upper torso rotated more counterclockwise and trunk twist angle decreased, at the instant of stride foot contact on the ground. It might be because the moment of inertia of upper torso and upper extremities along the trunk axis was smaller without non-throwing arm movement. Additionally, the maximum angular velocities of shoulder internal rotation and elbow extension as well as pitched ball velocity were lower under the restricted condition. When trunk twist, which stretches trunk rotator musculature, is small, the energy exerted by the musculature and transferred to throwing arm would decrease. Therefore, non-throwing arm in baseball pitching motion is considered to contribute to enhance pitched ball velocity by controlling the moment of inertia of upper torso and upper extremities along the trunk axis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Non-throwing Arm on Trunk and Throwing Arm Movements in Baseball Pitching

Ishida

Hirano

2004

Int. J. Sport Health Sci.

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“…Sharing the surgical report with the treating physical therapist or athletic trainer benefi ts the patient as this helps put all of the rehabilitation a b Nearly 50 % of ball velocity comes from leg forward step and trunk rotation [ 117 ]. Addressing defi cits found in the trunk and lower extremity is important as the ability to accelerate the elbow and wrist during throwing is due to torque generated more proximally in the trunk.…”

Section: Acute Phasementioning

confidence: 98%

The Overhead Athlete

Kibler

Kuhn

Sciascia

et al. 2013

Shoulder Arthroscopy

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“…Indeed, the player has to throw the ball without any firm base. Therefore, the throwing motion in water polo has been studied by many researchers from the biomechanical viewpoint (Davis and Blanksby, 1977, Whiting et al, 1985, Elliot and Armour, 1988, Feltner and Nelson, 1996, Darras, 1999, Vila et al, 2009, Stevens et al, 2010, McCluskey et al, 2010, Alcaraz et al, 2011, Toyoshima et al, 1974. In these studies, the initial ball velocity (just after releasing the ball) and/or the thrower's motion were discussed based on the experimental results measured by a motion analysis system, or a speed gun.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, the motion of the lower half of the body is important. Toyoshima et al (1974) conducted an experiment in which a player threw a ball with/without the limitation of the fixed lower half of the body. As a result, a 36.5% reduction in the ball velocity was found when the limitation was present.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing simulation for lower limb motion during throwing in water polo

Nakashima

Minami

Takagi

2015

Mechanical Engineering Journal

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The objective of this study was to clarify the optimized lower limb motion during throwing in water polo by the simulation. The flexion/extension angles of the hip joint around the ball release were optimized in order to maximize the ball velocity, which corresponded to the hand velocity at the ball release, under the constraint in terms of the hip joint torque and power. The following findings were obtained from the results of optimization: The ball velocity in the case of original joint torque and power limit was 20.8 m/s. The increase in velocity from that of the original motion was 7%. In the case of doubled joint torque and power limits, the increase reached 15%. The characteristic motion in the optimized cases was the kicking forward (flexing) of both lower limbs just before the ball release. The preceding extending motion that was needed to increase the flexing velocity was also found. The increase in the ball velocity in the optimized motions can be explained as the sum of two components. One is the velocity relative to the center of mass of the whole rigid body, and the other is the absolute movement of the rigid body itself. With respect to the relative velocity, the flexing rotation of the lower half of the body produces the counter-rotation of the upper half of the body because of the conservation law of angular momentum. This effect contributed 70% of the total increase in the ball velocity. With respect to the absolute velocity, the rotations around the longitudinal and lateral axes of the inertia were induced by the reaction of kicking the fluid forward. This effect contributed the remaining 30% of the total increase in the ball velocity.

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Contribution of the body parts to throwing performance

Cited by 70 publications

References 1 publication

Effects of Non-throwing Arm on Trunk and Throwing Arm Movements in Baseball Pitching

Effects of Non-throwing Arm on Trunk and Throwing Arm Movements in Baseball Pitching

The Overhead Athlete

Optimizing simulation for lower limb motion during throwing in water polo

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