“… Pharmacological effects | Pathological models | Active substance | Material structure characteristics | Source of material plants | Study design | Regulatory mechanisms | Molecular targets/mechanisms | Reference |
Plant inhibitors | The growth of the host plant of Militarine is inhibited by surrounding weeds (environmental stress) | Militarine | The structural analogue of Militarine, Dactylorhin A (- O connected at the C2 position of Militarine)-β-D-Glu) does not exhibit plant inhibitory activity | Methanol extract of fresh B. striata and aboveground components | In vivo | Inhibiting the elongation of Lettuce embryonic roots and axes are achieved with EC50 values of 0.28 mmol L −1 and 1.03 mmol L −1 | As an allelochemical, Militarine inhibits the growth of weeds in its surroundings. | [ 2 ] |
Protection of lung | SiO 2 thickens the alveolar septa and induces inflammatory infiltration, thereby inducing the Bax/Bcl-2 pathways | Gymnoside II (the main active substance) and Militarine account for 1.31 ± 0.05 % and 12.12 ± 0.05 % of the ethanol extracts, respectively | Militarine stably binds to antioxidant HO-1 protein through its own hydrogen bonding | N-butanol extract from B. striata (40 mg/kg) | In vivo and in vitro | Inhibition of SiO 2 induced apoptosis and ROS production in alveolar epithelial cells through Nrf2 pathway dependent mechanisms | Nrf↑, HO-1↑, γ-GCSc↑, ROS↓, Bax↓, Bcl-2↑, cleaved-caspase 3↓, Bax/Bcl-2↓ | [ 24 ] |
SiO 2 has cytotoxicity and induces pneumonia, pulmonary fibrosis, and lung cancer by acting on alveolar epithelial cells | 25 μmol/L Militarine processes 25 μg/cm 2 SiO 2 | Gymnoside II is an ester hydrolysis product and synthetic raw material of Militarine | Alcohol extract from B. striata | In vivo | It significantly reduced SiO 2 induced lung inflammation and oxidative stress in mice | ROS↓, Nrf↑, Nrf downstream gene HO-1, and γ-GCSc↑ | [ ... |
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