Contribution of maternal radionuclide burdens to prenatal radiation doses

Abstract

Although t h e listing that follows represents t h e majority of documents cited in NRC publications. it is not intended to b e exhaustive.Referenced documents available for inspection and copying for a fee from t h e NRC Public Document Room include NRC correspondence and internal NRC memoranda: NRC bulletins, circulars, information notices, inspection and investigation notices; licensee event reports: vendor reports and correspondence; Cornmission papers; and applicant and licensee documents and correspondence.The foliowing documents in the NUREG series are available for purchase from t h e Government Printing Office: formal NRC staff and contractor reports, NRC-sponsored conference proceedings, international agreement reports, grantee reports, and NRC booklets and brochures. Also available are regulatory guides, NRC regulations in t h e Code of Federal Regulatlons, and Nuclear Regulatory Commission Issuances. Documents available from t h e National Technical information Service include NUREG-series reports and technical reports prepared by other Federal agencies and reports prepared by the Atomic Energy Commission, forerunner agency to t h e Nuclear Regulatory Commission.Documents available from public and special technical libraries include all open literature items, such as books, journal articles, and transactions. Federal Register notices. Federal and S t a t e legislation. and congressional reports can usually b e obtained from these libraries.Documents such as theses, dissertations. foreign reports and translations. and non-NRC conference proceedings are available for purchase from the organization sponsoring the publication cited.Single copies of NRC draft reports a r e available free. to t h e extent of supply. upon written request t o the Office of Administration, Distribution and Mail Services Section. U .S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington.DC 20555-0001.Copies of industry codes and standards used in a substantive manner in the NRC regulatory process are maintained at t h e NRC Library, Two White Flint North, 11545 Rockville Pike, Rockville. MD 20852-2738, for use by t h e public. Codes and standards a r e usually copyrighted and may b e purchased from the originating organlzation or, If they are American National Standards, from t h e American National Standards Institute. 1430 Broadway, New York. NY 10018-3308. I DISCLAIMER NOTICEThis report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government.Neitherthe UnitedStates Government norany agencythereof, norany oftheiremployees, makesanywamanty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for any third party's use, or the results of such use, of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed in this report, or represents that its use by such third party would not infringe privately owned rights. NUREG/CR-5631 Phi-7445Rev. 2 Contribution of Maternal ABSTRACTThis report describes approaches to calculating and expressing radiation doses to the embryo/fetus from intern...

Trends in infant leukaemia in West Germany in relation to in utero exposure due to the Chernobyl accident

“…These were derived from the specific activity of 131 I present in raw milk in southern Bavaria, assuming a consumption rate for dairy produce of 120 kg per year. Foetal doses due to ingested radionuclides were derived on the basis of an elaborate model which takes into account morphology and growth during pregnancy, and appropriate biokinetic models for different stages of gestation [16].…”

“…Figure 3 shows the rate of intake for 131 I, as roughly estimated from the specific activity of 131 I present in raw milk in southern Bavaria and a consumption rate of 120 kg per year of dairy produce. The foetal doses due to ingestion of 134 Cs, 137 Cs, and 131 I were calculated from the gestation-stage-dependent dose conversion factors listed by Sikov and Hui [16]. The total contributions due to ingestion are brought together in Table 1.…”

“…From the activity concentrations of radionuclides in air at Munich-Neuherberg [8], a total inhalation of approximately 1.8 kBq of 131 I, 1.0 kBq of 132 I, 1.5 kBq of 132 Te, 0.1 kBq of 134 Cs, and 0.2 kBq of 137 Cs was calculated, assuming a respiration rate of 1 m 3 h -1 . The foetal doses due to inhalation were calculated on the basis of the gestation-stagedependent dose conversion factors listed by Sikov and Hui [16]. In the case of the later gestational stages with active foetal thyroid function, the dominant iodine isotopes would be concentrated in the foetal (and maternal) thyroid glands.…”

History of the Medical Uses of Radiation

“…Thus, the First International Congress of Radiology (1925) concentrated efforts first on measurements and then protection. The International X-Ray Unit Committee (IXRUC) was born [later to become the International Commission on Radiological Units (ICRU) in 19501; the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) was conceived, but not yet born (Taylor 1989).…”

Proposed Standards for Acute Exposure to Low Enrichment Uranium for Compliance with 10 CFR 70.61

“…Placental transfer is small (ICRP 2002;NCRP 1998;Sikov and Hui 1996) indicating that the levels proposed in Table 1 are adequate to provide protection for the fetus. This is consistent with Fisher et al (1994) who concluded that the "age of the subject was not an important factor in assessing the consequences factor of airborne uranium" and that the extant standards were adequate to protect children and the fetus (Fisher et al 1994).…”