Contribution of fortified margarines and other plant-based fats to micronutrient intake in the Netherlands

Jong, Marjolein H de; Nawijn, Eline L; Verkaik-Kloosterman, Janneke

doi:10.1007/s00394-021-02757-z

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Vitamin D-fortified foods did not contribute to reducing inadequacies since also 99 % of fortified food consumers failed to meet their reference intakes. These vitamin D inadequacy rates are comparable with those observed in other European countries ranging from 97 to 100 % ( 23 , 24 ) . In most European countries, only 1–2 % of products in the market are fortified with vitamin D ( 17 ) and they may barely contribute to reducing inadequacy ( 24 ) .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…These vitamin D inadequacy rates are comparable with those observed in other European countries ranging from 97 to 100 % ( 23 , 24 ) . In most European countries, only 1–2 % of products in the market are fortified with vitamin D ( 17 ) and they may barely contribute to reducing inadequacy ( 24 ) . However, in countries with large-scale voluntary vitamin D fortification such as Finland and the US, fortified foods are major contributors to meeting adequate vitamin D intakes ( 25 ) .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Methods of the NDNS dietary data collection have been described in detail (7) . In brief, a total of 2546 participants aged 1•5-95 years were given a repeat 24-hour recall and 4-day estimated (unweighted) food diary for which the start date was randomly assigned, and the time period included weekend days. No data were collected from pregnant or lactating women, or people living in institutions.…”

Section: Datasetmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Contribution of base diet, voluntary fortified foods and supplements to micronutrient intakes in the UK

Bird¹,

Barron

Pigat

et al. 2022

J Nutr Sci

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The objective of the present study was to evaluate the contribution of voluntary fortified foods and supplements to reducing micronutrient shortfalls in the UK population. A secondary analysis of the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey was conducted (2012/13–2013/14, N 2546, 1·5–95 years). Micronutrient intakes were derived from food consumption intake data and food composition data and calculated as the proportion below or above the Dietary Reference Values for males and females of different age groups, for those on a base diet only, users of fortified foods but no supplements and users of fortified foods and supplements. Of the population consuming a base diet only, 21–45 % and 5–29 % fell below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for minerals and vitamins, respectively. About 3–13 % fewer consumers of fortified foods fell below the EAR for vitamins and minerals. Supplements barely reduced the prevalence of intakes below the EAR. Among supplement non-users and users, 99 and 96 % failed to meet the reference intakes for vitamin D. More women than men were at risk of inadequacies of micronutrient intakes. The prevalence of inadequacies declined with increasing age. Voluntary fortified foods but not supplements made a meaningful contribution to intakes of vitamin and minerals, without risk of unacceptably high intakes. These insights may help the UK to define approaches to address micronutrients of concern in vulnerable groups.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Datasetmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Contribution of base diet, voluntary fortified foods and supplements to micronutrient intakes in the UK

Bird¹,

Barron

Pigat

et al. 2022

J Nutr Sci

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“…Among children and adults of both genders, the median habitual intake of vitamin B6 of consumers of vitamin B6 fortified foods was significantly higher compared to non‐consumers of vitamin B6‐fortified foods (de Jong et al., 2022b ). In a further analysis, the median contribution of vitamin B6‐fortified fats (margarines and other plant‐based fortified fats) to the vitamin B6 intake of the Dutch population from the DNFCS 2012–2016, was around 15% and the P95 contribution of fortified fats reached 40% (de Jong et al., 2022a ).…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for vitamin B6

Turck¹,

Bohn²,

Castenmiller³

et al. 2023

EFS2

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for vitamin B6. Systematic reviews of the literature were conducted by a contractor. The relationship between excess vitamin B6 intakes and the development of peripheral neuropathy is well established and is the critical effect on which the UL is based. A lowest-observed-effect-level (LOAEL) could not be established based on human data. A reference point (RP) of 50 mg/day is identified by the Panel from a case-control study, supported by data from case reports and vigilance data. An uncertainty factor (UF) of 4 is applied to the RP to account for the inverse relationship between dose and time to onset of symptoms and the limited data available. The latter covers uncertainties as to the level of intake that would represent a LOAEL. This leads to a UL of 12.5 mg/day. From a subchronic study in Beagle dogs, a LOAEL of 50 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day can be identified. Using an UF of 300, and a default bw of 70 kg, a UL of 11.7 mg/day can be calculated. From the midpoint of the range of these two ULs and rounding down, a UL of 12 mg/day is established by the Panel for vitamin B6 for adults (including pregnant and lactating women). ULs for infants and children are derived from the UL for adults using allometric scaling: 2.2-2.5 mg/day (4-11 months), 3.2-4.5 mg/day (1-6 years), 6.1-10.7 mg/day (7-17 years). Based on available intake data, EU populations are unlikely to exceed ULs, except for regular users of food supplements containing high doses of vitamin B6.

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“…In the national food consumption survey, 84% of the Dutch population reported to use vitamin D‐fortified fats. Among users, the median contribution of fortified fats to total vitamin D intake was 44%, and the P95 reached about 86% (de Jong et al., 2022 ).…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for vitamin D, including the derivation of a conversion factor for calcidiol monohydrate

Turck¹,

Bohn²,

Castenmiller³

et al. 2023

EFS2

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Following two requests from the European Commission (EC), the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the revision of the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for vitamin D and to propose a conversion factor (CF) for calcidiol monohydrate into vitamin D 3 for labelling purposes. Vitamin D refers to ergocalciferol (vitamin D 2 ), cholecalciferol (vitamin D 3 ), and calcidiol monohydrate. Systematic reviews of the literature were conducted to assess the relative bioavailability of calcidiol monohydrate versus vitamin D 3 on serum 25(OH)D concentrations, and for priority adverse health effects of excess vitamin D intake, namely persistent hypercalcaemia/hypercalciuria and endpoints related to musculoskeletal health (i.e. falls, bone fractures, bone mass/density and indices thereof). Based on the available evidence, the Panel proposes a CF for calcidiol monohydrates of 2.5 for labelling purposes. Persistent hypercalciuria, which may be an earlier sign of excess vitamin D than persistent hypercalcaemia, is selected as the critical endpoint on which to base the UL for vitamin D. A lowest-observed-adverse-effect-level (LOAEL) of 250 μg/day is identified from two randomised controlled trials in humans, to which an uncertainty factor of 2.5 is applied to account for the absence of a no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL). A UL of 100 μg vitamin D equivalents (VDE)/day is established for adults (including pregnant and lactating women) and for adolescents aged 11-17 years, as there is no reason to believe that adolescents in the phase of rapid bone formation and growth have a lower tolerance for vitamin D compared to adults. For children aged 1-10 years, a UL of 50 μg VDE/day is established by considering their smaller body size. Based on available intake data, European populations are unlikely to exceed the UL, except for regular users of food supplements containing high doses of vitamin D.

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Contribution of fortified margarines and other plant-based fats to micronutrient intake in the Netherlands

Cited by 7 publications

References 12 publications

Contribution of base diet, voluntary fortified foods and supplements to micronutrient intakes in the UK

Contribution of base diet, voluntary fortified foods and supplements to micronutrient intakes in the UK

Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for vitamin B6

Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for vitamin D, including the derivation of a conversion factor for calcidiol monohydrate

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