Contributing risk factors towards the prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Malaysia: A systematic review

Rajendran, Mahindran; Zaki, Rafdzah Ahmad; Aghamohammadi, Nasrin

doi:10.1016/j.tube.2020.101925

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection, remains a lethal infectious disease that needs to be paid more attention globally (1)(2)(3). It was reported that there were still an estimated 10 million cases and nearly 1.4 million deaths of the disease in 2019 (4).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activation Phenotype of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific CD4+ T Cells Promoting the Discrimination Between Active Tuberculosis and Latent Tuberculosis Infection

Luo

Xue

et al. 2021

Front. Immunol.

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BackgroundRapid and effective discrimination between active tuberculosis (ATB) and latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) remains a challenge. There is an urgent need for developing practical and affordable approaches targeting this issue.MethodsParticipants with ATB and LTBI were recruited at Tongji Hospital (Qiaokou cohort) and Sino-French New City Hospital (Caidian cohort) based on positive T-SPOT results from June 2020 to January 2021. The expression of activation markers including HLA-DR, CD38, CD69, and CD25 was examined on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)-specific CD4+ T cells defined by IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 expression upon MTB antigen stimulation.ResultsA total of 90 (40 ATB and 50 LTBI) and another 64 (29 ATB and 35 LTBI) subjects were recruited from the Qiaokou cohort and Caidian cohort, respectively. The expression patterns of Th1 cytokines including IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 upon MTB antigen stimulation could not differentiate ATB patients from LTBI individuals well. However, both HLA-DR and CD38 on MTB-specific cells showed discriminatory value in distinguishing between ATB patients and LTBI individuals. As for developing a single candidate biomarker, HLA-DR had the advantage over CD38. Moreover, HLA-DR on TNF-α+ or IL-2+ cells had superiority over that on IFN-γ+ cells in differentiating ATB patients from LTBI individuals. Besides, HLA-DR on MTB-specific cells defined by multiple cytokine co-expression had a higher ability to discriminate patients with ATB from LTBI individuals than that of MTB-specific cells defined by one kind of cytokine expression. Specially, HLA-DR on TNF-α+IL-2+ cells produced an AUC of 0.901 (95% CI, 0.833–0.969), with a sensitivity of 93.75% (95% CI, 79.85–98.27%) and specificity of 72.97% (95% CI, 57.02–84.60%) as a threshold of 44% was used. Furthermore, the performance of HLA-DR on TNF-α+IL-2+ cells for differential diagnosis was obtained with validation cohort data: 90.91% (95% CI, 72.19–97.47%) sensitivity and 68.97% (95% CI, 50.77–82.73%) specificity.ConclusionsWe demonstrated that HLA-DR on MTB-specific cells was a potentially useful biomarker for accurate discrimination between ATB and LTBI.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activation Phenotype of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific CD4+ T Cells Promoting the Discrimination Between Active Tuberculosis and Latent Tuberculosis Infection

Luo

Xue

et al. 2021

Front. Immunol.

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“…Seventeen reviews included alcohol as a risk factor for a communicable disease, with a range of definitions used: any alcohol consumption [ 19 , 23 , 41 , 43 , 44 , 46 , 47 , 49 ]; any alcohol use or higher amounts [ 18 , 21 ]; binge drinking or alcohol misuse [ 20 ]; alcohol misuse [ 40 ]; alcohol use disorder (AUD) [ 22 , 45 ]; alcoholism [ 39 , 42 ]; or current/history of excess use [ 48 ]. The majority of reviews reported an increased risk of contraction (5/6 reviews; Table 1 ) and more severe outcomes (10/12 reviews; Table 2 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fifteen reviews examined the association between illicit drug use and communicable disease contraction or outcomes, with a wide range of definitions used: drug abuse [ 19 , 41 ]; illicit drug use [ 25 ]; regular/problem cocaine use [ 50 ]; recent drug use [ 51 ]; and injection drug use [ 20 , 24 , 26 – 29 , 39 , 48 , 52 , 53 ]. The majority of reviews reported an increased risk of contraction (8/9 reviews; Table 1 ) and more severe outcomes (6/8 reviews; Table 2 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One review did not draw a conclusion but reported mixed findings for the association between drug abuse and TB contraction [ 19 ]. Both injecting drug use and drug use/abuse were reported to increase the risk of having more severe outcomes from TB [ 39 , 41 ], HIV [ 50 ] and HCV [ 48 , 51 ]. Furthermore, among those with HBV, the prevalence of hepatitis D (HDV; co-infection with HDV is considered a more severe form of viral hepatitis) was substantially higher for PWID compared to a mixed population with no risk factors [ 53 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The impact of behavioural risk factors on communicable diseases: a systematic review of reviews

et al. 2021

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Background The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has highlighted that individuals with behavioural risk factors commonly associated with non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as smoking, harmful alcohol use, obesity, and physical inactivity, are more likely to experience severe symptoms from COVID-19. These risk factors have been shown to increase the risk of NCDs, but less is known about their broader influence on communicable diseases. Taking a wide focus on a range of common communicable diseases, this review aimed to synthesise research examining the impact of behavioural risk factors commonly associated with NCDs on risks of contracting, or having more severe outcomes from, communicable diseases. Methods Literature searches identified systematic reviews and meta-analyses that examined the association between behavioural risk factors (alcohol, smoking, illicit drug use, physical inactivity, obesity and poor diet) and the contraction/severity of common communicable diseases, including infection or associated pathogens. An a priori, prospectively registered protocol was followed (PROSPERO; registration number CRD42020223890). Results Fifty-three systematic reviews were included, of which 36 were also meta-analyses. Reviews focused on: tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, invasive bacterial diseases, pneumonia, influenza, and COVID-19. Twenty-one reviews examined the association between behavioural risk factors and communicable disease contraction and 35 examined their association with communicable disease outcomes (three examined their association with both contraction and outcomes). Fifty out of 53 reviews (94%) concluded that at least one of the behavioural risk factors studied increased the risk of contracting or experiencing worse health outcomes from a communicable disease. Across all reviews, effect sizes, where calculated, ranged from 0.83 to 8.22. Conclusions Behavioural risk factors play a significant role in the risk of contracting and experiencing more severe outcomes from communicable diseases. Prevention of communicable diseases is likely to be most successful if it involves the prevention of behavioural risk factors commonly associated with NCDs. These findings are important for understanding risks associated with communicable disease, and timely, given the COVID-19 pandemic and the need for improvements in future pandemic preparedness. Addressing behavioural risk factors should be an important part of work to build resilience against any emerging and future epidemics and pandemics.

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“…This might be due to that men are predominantly drink alcohol, smoke and consume the drug compared to women [6, [43][44][45].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in East Africa: a Systematic Review and Meta- Analysis

Alem

2021

Preprint

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Background: The rate of multidrug resistant tuberculosis is increasing at an alarming rate throughout the world. It is becoming an emerging public health problem in East Africa. Prevalence of MDR-TB among TB positive individuals in the region has not been synthesized. Determining the pooled prevalence of MDR-TB among newly diagnosed and previously treated TB cases in East Africa is the main objective of this review.Methods: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the researcher searched six electronic databases: Google scholar, PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Science direct and Web of Science. Funnel plot symmetry visualization confirmed by Egger’s regression asymmetry test and Begg rank correlation methods was used to assess publication bias. The pooled prevalence estimate was calculated using Der Simonian and Laird’s random Effects model. A total of 16 articles published in East Africa from 2007 and 2019 were included in this study. STATA software (version 14, Texas, USA) was used for analysis. Results: Out of 1025 articles identified citations, a total of 16 articles published in East Africa from 2007 and 2019 were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of MDR-TB among newly diagnosed TB cases and previously treated TB patients to be 4% (95%CI=2-5%) and 21% (95%CI: 14-28%), respectively. Living conditions, lifestyles (smoking, alcohol use, and drug abuse), previous medical history, diabetes history and HIV infection risk factors contribute to higher prevalence of MDR-TB in East Africa.Conclusion: An early diagnosis of tuberculosis and rapid detection of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a serious concern to identify patients who are not responding to the standard treatment and to avoid spreading of resistant strains. It is also very essential to strengthen tuberculosis control and improved monitoring of chemotherapy.

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Contributing risk factors towards the prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Malaysia: A systematic review

Cited by 22 publications

References 13 publications

Activation Phenotype of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific CD4+ T Cells Promoting the Discrimination Between Active Tuberculosis and Latent Tuberculosis Infection

Activation Phenotype of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific CD4+ T Cells Promoting the Discrimination Between Active Tuberculosis and Latent Tuberculosis Infection

The impact of behavioural risk factors on communicable diseases: a systematic review of reviews

Prevalence of Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in East Africa: a Systematic Review and Meta- Analysis

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