Contrasting Tectonic Settings and Sulfur Contents of Magmas Associated with Cretaceous Porphyry Cu ± Mo ± Au and Intrusion-Related Iron Oxide Cu-Au Deposits in Northern Chile

Richards, Jeremy P.; López, Gloria P.; Zhu, Junjiang; Creaser, Robert A.; Locock, Andrew J.; Mumin, A H

doi:10.2113/econgeo.112.2.295

Cited by 84 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 107 publications

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“…The AST varies of 861–926°C with the average of 902°C and 813–877°C with the average of 836°C in tonalite porphyry and diorite porphyry, respectively (Table ). These temperatures are consistent with other porphyry Cu deposits (e.g., Richards et al, ; Zhu et al, ). The responding apatite‐melt partition coefficients (Kapatite/melt D) of tonalite porphyry and diorite porphyry are 5.88 and 17.32, respectively, and they increase with the decrease of temperature (Parat & Holtz, ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The results reported in Table suggest that the average S content of the magma related to tonalite porphyry and diorite porphyry is 52.16 and 28.25 ppm, respectively. The maximum magmatic sulfur content in the tonalite porphyry can be 195.87 ppm (Table ), which is almost consistent with the average sulfur content in other porphyry deposits (Richards et al, ). AST was calculated from fresh or least altered whole‐rock SiO 2 and P 2 O 5 concentration, which are assumed to approximate the melt contents based on the equation of Piccoli and Candela (), and this calculated temperature was generally used to estimate the relative magma temperature.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…Sulfur is an essential component in magmatic‐hydrothermal fluids that contributes to the formation of huge porphyry copper deposits (Richards et al, ; Streck & Dilles, ) and formed by the precipitation of large scale of sulfide minerals (e.g., chalcopyrite and pyrite). The S contents of apatite can also record the sulfur evolution history of magmas (Streck & Dilles, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Apatite can be divided by their SO 3 content, as high‐S apatite (>0.7 wt.%), medium‐S apatite (0.3–0.7 wt.%), and low‐S apatite (<0.3 wt.%; Van Hoose, Streck, & Pallister, ). The SO 3 concentrations of apatite commonly range from 0.05 to 0.99 wt.% in porphyry deposits (Imai, ; Li et al, ; Richards et al, ; Streck & Dilles, ) and were controlled by magmatic temperature, oxidation state, and the S content in silicate melt (Parat et al, ; Parat & Holtz, ; Peng et al, ; Webster & Piccoli, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geochemistry and mineral chemical behavior of hydrothermal alteration of the Tuwu porphyry copper deposit, Eastern Tianshan, Northwest China

et al. 2019

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The Tuwu deposit is one of the largest porphyry copper deposits in the Eastern Tianshan, Northwest China. Ore bodies of the deposit are associated with the tonalite porphyry, which intruded the Early Carboniferous Qi´eshan Group. The hydrothermal ore-forming processes include the porphyry mineralization episode with potassic, chlorite-sericite/albite, phyllic, and propylitic alteration and the overprinting mineralization episode. These hydrothermal alteration episodes were studied on the basis of mass transfer and element mobility. The mass balance data and isocon diagrams reveal that Cu is highly associated with the chlorite-sericite (albite) stage and followed by phyllic and potassic stages. On the basis of electron probe analysis, the SO 3 contents of the igneous apatite from the tonalite porphyries range from 0.016 to 0.288 wt.%, which are higher than those from the diorite porphyries (SO 3 = 0.088-0.179 wt.%). Similarly, the apatite saturation temperature (861-926°C) and magmatic S content (mean = 52.16 ppm) from the tonalite porphyries are also higher that from the diorite porphyries (T = 813-877°C; S = 28.25 ppm). These results suggest that the S content of the apatite is related to the temperature and S content of the melt. In the hydrothermal alteration zones, the F favours partitioning into apatite under lower temperature, the F contents of hydrothermal apatite increase from the potassic zones to the propylitic zones accompanying with the decrease of temperature. Cl element is much more sensitive to the pH, pressure, and fluid composition than F element. The Cl contents of the apatite increase from the potassic zones (0.18-0.46 wt.%) to the chorite-sericite (albite) zones (0.28-0.58 wt.%), resulting from the decrease of fluid pH and pressure. The lower Cl contents of apatite (0.07-0.48 wt.%) in the phyllic zones were due to the lower Cl content of hydrothermal fluids. The highest Cl contents (0.09-0.69 wt.%) of apatite in the propylitic zones were caused by the decrease of pressure. The δ 18 O water values of quartz in chlorite-sericite (albite) zones and phyllic zones range from −0.8‰ to −0.4‰ and from −5.3‰ to 4.8‰, and the δD values vary from −57‰ to −47‰ and from −52‰ to −44‰, respectively. Gaseous compositions of the fluid inclusions in quartz are dominated by H 2 O with minorCO 2 , and the liquid compositions mainly consist of Na + and Cl − . These data imply that the ore-forming fluids belong to the H 2 O-NaCl system and evolved from magmatic water to meteoric water in origin.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geochemistry and mineral chemical behavior of hydrothermal alteration of the Tuwu porphyry copper deposit, Eastern Tianshan, Northwest China

et al. 2019

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“…This was discovered in Cloncurry district (Australia) by Pollard (2000), who showed that intrusive rocks linked to IOCG deposits are similar to intrusive rocks linked to porphyry Cu-Au deposits with the key role of magmatic-hydrothermal fluids in deposit formation. More recently, the relationship between IOCG and porphyry deposit types has been well established in northern Chile (Richards et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Kis-Kuel Fe-Cu-Au±(Ag, Mo, Bi) deposit, Eastern Yakutia (Russia) – a link between Iron Oxide Copper-Gold and Intrusion Related Gold systems

Костин

2019

Vestnik SPbSU. Earth Sciences

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The iron oxide copper-gold (IOCG) deposit class includes a number of loosely related deposits with a pool of common characteristics. The Kis-Kuel intrusion-related IOCG deposit in Eastern Yakutia (Russia) with a wide range of mineral styles has a direct genetic link with a cooling intrusion during its formation. The IOCG and the Kis-Kuel have common features for this style-an abundance of iron oxides and a low presence of sulfides. Magmatic contribution to the Kis-Kuel deposit is significant. Intrusive rocks range from diorite to granodiorite in composition. The rare-earth geochemical system of igneous rocks of the Kis-Kuel intrusion is characterized by behavior close to the CHArge-and-RAdius-Controlled CHARAC-system (26 < Zr/Hf < 46 and 24 < Y/Ho < 34) in which the Н/Ho-Zr/Hf ratios of the pair show a distribution close to chondrite (Zr/Hf-36.6 and Y/Ho-27.7). Minor deviations of the Kis-Kuel rocks from CHARAC intervals indicate an unevolved magmatic system. Mineralization was discovered at the top of the small Kis-Kuel pluton and includes several types of ore. Iron oxide copper-gold and Cu-Auporphyry ore are present as breccia in hornfels aureole of intrusive rocks with FeOX-13.58-63.24 %; Cu-0-3.57 %; Au-12.93-64.48 g/t; Ag-2.7-830 g/t. Associated with IOCG, quartzhematite-galena veins contain: Ag-22.4-3680 g/t; Cu-0.014-0.534 %; Pb-0.1-81.63 %. Arrays of sheeted auriferous quartz veins with arsenopyrite, native gold and bismuth and Ag-Bi sulphosalts contain: Au-0.15-4.6 g/t; Ag-20.6-196 g/t; Cu-0.048-0.24 %; Pb-0.3-3.73 %. This paper is devoted to a Kis-Kuel diorite-granodiorite-related deposit in Eastern Yakutia (Russia). It is regarded as an intrusion-related gold deposit (IRGD) with a main IOCG and minor Cu-Au-porphyry component of mineralization.

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Geochemical characterization of mineralized albitite from Paleoproterozoic Bhukia IOCG‐IOA deposit of Aravalli‐Delhi Fold Belt, Rajasthan, western India: Genetic linkage to the gold (±Cu ± U) mineralization

2019

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Paleoproterozoic Bhukia gold deposit is located within the Debari Group of Aravalli Supergroup, Rajasthan, northwestern India. The major lithounits that are associated with gold-graphite (±Cu ± U) mineralization exposed in Bhukia are albitite, carbonates, and quartzite which have undergone upper greenschist to amphibolite facies metamorphism. Ore mineralization viz. pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, graphite, magnetite, and goethite in the study area are associated with NNW-SSE trending shear zone. Nuggets of gold are identified in the thick gossan zones that occurs parallel to the shear zone. The gold-sulfide lodes of the Bhukia deposits are largely confined either to marble or albitized marble and pure monomineralic albitite.The mineralization that is associated with the albitite, follows the boundaries of albite grains which confirms the role of these weak zones for the mobilization of mineralizing fluid and concentration of metal ions. Hence, geochemical studies of albitite would help to evaluate the petrogenesis, likely magmatic affinity, tectonic setting, controls of the mineralizing fluid, source, and their linkage to the gold (±Cu ± U) metallogeny. Bhukia albitite is characterized by Na-Al-rich and K-poor compositions along with metaluminous nature. Geochemical analysis of various key elements suggests that albitite is the product of low-K calc-alkaline magma series with variation in Nb/Ta ratio indicating their fractionation during the melt-rock interaction within the shear zone. Geochemical signatures suggest the role of upper continental crust in channelizing the mineralized fluids that generated albitite with felsic to intermediate composition in and around Bhukia deciphered from their low Nb/Y ratios. Lower concentration of compatible elements (Ni and Cr) and higher concentration of incompatible elements (Th, La, and Nd) with SiO 2 suggest that evolution of albitite rock is related to the fractional crystallization process. Zr/Hf ratios of 9-35 with the average of 18 suggest that albitite formed under magmatic-hydrothermal transitional environment. Rare Earth Elements (REE) patterns of albitite samples are moderately fractionated showing Light Rare Earth Elements (LREE)-enrichment with a rather steep slope and exhibit distinct negative Eu anomalies (0.42-0.71, average 0.57). The enrichment of LREE in comparison to the Heavy Rare Earth Elements (HREE) suggests a more evolved source, i.e., process of melting at shallow environments. Tectonic setting of albitite samples suggest their origin in a volcanic arc region that underwent rifting. Detailed geochemical characterization unravelled complex evolutionary history of albitite in the Bhukia area, which attests derivation of the parental melt possibly from an enriched SCLM (Sub-continental lithospheric mantle) source similar to most of the IOCG-IOA deposits worldwide.

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Contrasting Tectonic Settings and Sulfur Contents of Magmas Associated with Cretaceous Porphyry Cu ± Mo ± Au and Intrusion-Related Iron Oxide Cu-Au Deposits in Northern Chile

Cited by 84 publications

References 107 publications

Geochemistry and mineral chemical behavior of hydrothermal alteration of the Tuwu porphyry copper deposit, Eastern Tianshan, Northwest China

Geochemistry and mineral chemical behavior of hydrothermal alteration of the Tuwu porphyry copper deposit, Eastern Tianshan, Northwest China

The Kis-Kuel Fe-Cu-Au±(Ag, Mo, Bi) deposit, Eastern Yakutia (Russia) – a link between Iron Oxide Copper-Gold and Intrusion Related Gold systems

Geochemical characterization of mineralized albitite from Paleoproterozoic Bhukia IOCG‐IOA deposit of Aravalli‐Delhi Fold Belt, Rajasthan, western India: Genetic linkage to the gold (±Cu ± U) mineralization

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