Contrasting Quantitative Alterations in CD4&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; and CD8&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; Lymphocytes in HIV-Infected African Americans Compared with the Caucasian Population

Cruse, Julius M.; Brackin, Martha N.; Lewis, Robert E.; Brackin, Bruce

doi:10.1159/000157158

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…In a previous study comparing TAHOD patients with patients from the French Aquitaine cohort, patients from TAHOD had lower absolute CD4 cell count at every level of CD4% [41]. Reduced circulating CD4 cells counts have also been shown in African American versus Caucasian American populations [42]. However, this cohort difference between AHOD and TAHOD may also reflect differences in antiretroviral availability between the cohorts with some resource limited sites in TAHOD having reduced access to second and third line antiretrovirals [43].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Patterns in CD4 Response Are Determined by an Interaction Between Baseline CD4 Cell Count, Viral Load, and Time: The Asia Pacific HIV Observational Database (APHOD)

Egger

Petoumenos

Kamarulzaman

et al. 2009

JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes

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Background Random effects models were used to explore how the shape of CD4 cell count responses after commencing combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) develop over time, and in particular the role of baseline and follow-up covariates. Methods Patients in APHOD who first commenced cART after January 1, 1997, and who had a baseline CD4 cell count and viral load measure and at least one follow-up measure between 6 and 24 months, were included. CD4 cell counts were determined at every 6-month period following the commencement of cART for up to 6 years. Results 1638 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria with a median follow up time of 58 months. Lower post-cART mean CD4 cell counts were found to be associated with increasing age (p<0.001), pre-cART hepatitis C co-infection (p=0.038), prior AIDS (p=0.019), baseline viral load ≤ 100,000 copies/ml (p<0.001), and the Asia-Pacific region compared with Australia (p=0.005). A highly significant 3-way interaction between the effects of time, baseline CD4 cell count and post-cART viral burden (p<0.0001) was demonstrated. Higher long-term mean CD4 cell counts were associated with lower baseline CD4 cell count and consistently undetectable viral loads. Among patients with consistently detectable viral load CD4 cell counts appeared to converge for all baseline CD4 levels. Conclusion Our analyses suggest that the long-term shape of post-cART CD4 cell count changes depends only on a 3-way interaction between baseline CD4 cell count, viral load response and time.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Patterns in CD4 Response Are Determined by an Interaction Between Baseline CD4 Cell Count, Viral Load, and Time: The Asia Pacific HIV Observational Database (APHOD)

Egger

Petoumenos

Kamarulzaman

et al. 2009

JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes

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“…African American men constitute the ethnic minority group most affected by the epidemic in recent years, accounting for 33% of the AIDS cases through 1998, and the rate of AIDS among African American men (125.20100,000) far surpasses all other groups (CDC, 1998). Further, racial differences in disease progression and severity have been documented, with greater severity of AIDS as indexed by CD4, CD40CD8 ratio, and incidence of certain opportunistic infections among African Americans compared to Whites (Cruse et al, 1989). Given that most of the work done to date has been conducted with affluent and educated gay White males, such racial differences on immunologic dimensions necessitate independent investigation of the neuropsychology of HIV0 AIDS in African American men.…”

Section: Cocaine Use and The Central Nervous Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV-1, cocaine, and neuropsychological performance in African American men

Durvasula

Myers

Satz

et al. 2000

J Int Neuropsychol Soc

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The purpose of this study was to examine the independent and interactive effects of HIV-1 serostatus and cocaine on neuropsychological (NP) performance in a sample of 237 gay and bisexual urban-dwelling African American men. Consistent with current evidence, it was expected that the greatest neuropsychological performance deficits would be evident (1) in the symptomatic seropositives (SSPs), especially in domains affected by HIV (i.e., memory and psychomotor speed), and on tests that are sensitive to subtle slowing; (2) in those who are recent and frequent cocaine abusers; and (3) in those who are both HIV seropositive and cocaine abusers. Multivariate analyses controlling for age and alcohol use confirmed expectations, with symptomatic seropositives (SSPs) evidencing significantly poorer psychomotor speed than the seronegatives (SNs), and slower reaction time and poorer nonverbal memory than the asymptomatic seropositives (ASPs). Moderate to heavy recent cocaine use was associated with slower psychomotor speed. However, contrary to expectations, no interaction of serostatus and cocaine was noted for any NP domain, and the expected serostatus and cocaine effects on verbal memory and frontal systems were not obtained. Level of alcohol consumption exacerbated the detrimental effects of HIV-1 on a computerized reaction time test which is especially sensitive to subtle slowing. This study provides one of the first descriptions of the neuropsychological effects of HIV–AIDS in a noninjection drug-using community sample of gay and bisexual African American men. (JINS, 2000, 6, 322–335.)

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“…In a previous investigation, we demonstrated an in creased progression of overt AIDS in the African Amer ican population compared to the Caucasian population as reflected by the significantly lower absolute number of CD4+ lymphocytes in the former population [16]. To elucidate some of the possible genetic factors which may contribute to disease association or protection against HIV infection, the HLA phenotypes expressed as A, B, C, DR and DQ were evaluated in the HIV+ group and the local HIV-geographical area population.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 80%

HLA Disease Association and Protection in HIV Infection among African Americans and Caucasians

Cruse

Brackin²,

Lewis³

et al. 1991

Pathobiology

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In a previous investigation, we demonstrated an increased progression of overt AIDS in the African American population compared to the Caucasian population as reflected by the significantly lower absolute number of CD4+ lymphocytes detected in the African American population in an earlier study. The present study elucidates some of the possible genetic factors which may contribute to disease association or protection against HIV infection. The HLA phenotypes expressed as A, B, C, DR and DQw antigens were revealed by the Amos-modified typing procedure. NIH scoring was utilized to designate positive cells taking up trypan blue. A test of proportion equivalent to the χ² approximation was used to compare the disease population (n = 62; 38 African Americans, 24 Caucasians) to race-matched normal heterosexual local controls (323 African Americans, 412 Caucasians). Significant p values were corrected for the number of HLA antigens tested. HLA markers associated with possible protection from infection for African Americans were Cw4 and DRw6, whereas Caucasians expressed none. Disease association markers present in the African American population were A31, B35, Cw6, Cw7, DR5, DR6, DR11, DRwl2, DQw6 and DQw7, whereas in the Caucasian population A28, Aw66, Bw48, Bw65, Bw70, Cw7, Cw8, DRw10, DRw12, DQw6 and DQw7 were demonstrated. The highest phenotypic frequency for a disease association marker in the study was for HLA-DR5 (62.9%) in the HIV-infected African American population without Kaposi’s sarcoma compared to a frequency of 28.9% for the regional control group (p = 0.0012). We conclude that genetic factors do have a role in HIV infection since only 50–60% of those exposed to the AIDS virus will become infected.

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Contrasting Quantitative Alterations in CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> Lymphocytes in HIV-Infected African Americans Compared with the Caucasian Population

Cited by 3 publications

References 27 publications

Long-Term Patterns in CD4 Response Are Determined by an Interaction Between Baseline CD4 Cell Count, Viral Load, and Time: The Asia Pacific HIV Observational Database (APHOD)

Long-Term Patterns in CD4 Response Are Determined by an Interaction Between Baseline CD4 Cell Count, Viral Load, and Time: The Asia Pacific HIV Observational Database (APHOD)

HIV-1, cocaine, and neuropsychological performance in African American men

HLA Disease Association and Protection in HIV Infection among African Americans and Caucasians

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