“…Divergence times estimated here support an older diversification history than that of most Eurasian Lepidoptera (Huemer et al, 2014(Huemer et al, , 2018; but see Gaytán et al, 2020), as most splits were estimated to have occurred before the last glacial cycle (~0.1 Ma). This is consistent with previous studies that suggest that around 70% of sister species pairs of Neotropical butterflies diverged along the Pleistocene (Brower & Garzón-Orduña, 2020;Garzón-Orduña et al, 2014;Matos-Maraví, 2016). Since the Andean forests (and the adjacent Amazonia) have been connected with the Atlantic Forest through different and not mutually exclusive spatiotemporal routes throughout the Neogene and Quaternary (Batalha-Filho et al, 2013;Lavinia et al, 2019;Prates, Xue, et al, 2016;Trujillo-Arias et al, 2020), our results do not reject the possibility of older diversification events for the butterfly fauna of these forests, especially considering the fact that here we focused on intraspecific splits instead of dating speciation events or crown group ages (Blandin & Purser, 2013;Elias et al, 2009).…”