Contrasting Late Cretaceous–Palaeocene lithostratigraphic successions across the Bibai Thrust, western Sulaiman Fold–Thrust Belt, Pakistan: Their significance in deciphering the early-collisional history of the NW Indian Plate margin

Kassi, Akhtar Muhammad; Kelling, Gilbert; Kasi, Ajab Khan; Umar, M. Sarosh; Khan, Abdul Salam

doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2009.02.006

Cited by 30 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Copley et al 2010) put an upper bound of ∼55 Ma for the initial collision of India with Asia in the region of the Sulaiman Range. Age constraints from faunal assemblages in the Katawaz Basin sediments of the northwestern Sulaiman Range, together with structural observations from field mapping, suggest that the Sulaiman Range was uplifted in the early Miocene, and that the major period of deformation began before the Pliocene (Hunting Survey Corporation Ltd 1960; Humayon et al 1991;Qayyum et al 1997;Kassi et al 2009;Kasi et al 2012). If we take ∼10-55 Ma as the range of possible ages of the Sulaiman Range, then the average viscosity required to reproduce the observed topography is 10 19 -10 20 Pa s. As discussed above, our model horizontal strain-rate field is consistent with the general spatial distribution of thrust and strike-slip earthquakes observed in the Sulaiman Range, and includes a zone of low strain rate in the interior of the model range comparable with the aseismic zone in the Sulaiman Range.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is composed of a passive margin sequence of Mesozoic platform carbonates, sands, muds, shales and volcanics which show a deep-water affinity to the north. These deposits transition to younger siliciclastic sediments shed from the newly forming Himalaya from the Eocene onwards and deposited in a shallow-water deltaic environment analogous to the modern-day Indus delta-fan system (Eames 1951;Humayon et al 1991;Treloar & Izatt 1993;Qayyum et al 1996Qayyum et al , 2001Kassi et al 2009). The sedimentary sequence was deposited in a large basin off the western Indo-Pakistani subcontinent; the southwestern continuation of the remnant Neo-Tethys Ocean being consumed to the north throughout the early Cenozoic (Qayyum et al 1997).…”

Section: G E O L O G I C a L S E T T I N Gmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolution and dynamics of a fold-thrust belt: the Sulaiman Range of Pakistan

Reynolds

Copley

Hussain

2015

Geophysical Journal International

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S U M M A R YWe present observations and models of the Sulaiman Range of western Pakistan that shed new light on the evolution and deformation of fold-thrust belts. Earthquake source inversions show that the seismic deformation in the range is concentrated in the thick pile of sediments overlying the underthrusting lithosphere of the Indian subcontinent. The slip vectors of the earthquakes vary in strike around the margin of the range, in tandem with the shape of the topography, suggesting that gravitational driving forces arising from the topography play an important role in governing the deformation of the region. Numerical models suggest that the active deformation, and the extreme plan-view curvature of the range, are governed by the presence of weak sediments in a pre-existing basin on the underthrusting Indian Plate. These sediments affect the stress-state in the over-riding mountain range and allow for the rapid propagation of the nose of the range and the development of extreme curvature and laterally varying surface gradients.Key words: Seismicity and tectonics; Continental neotectonics; Dynamics: gravity and tectonics; Dynamics: seismotectonics. I N T RO D U C T I O NPlan-view curvature of geological structures and range-front topography has long been a recognized and debated feature of both ancient and active fold-thrust belts (e.g. Argand 1924;Carey 1955;Hindle & Burkhard 1999;Marshak 2004). Though poorly understood, the relationship between the size and shape of a mountain range, surface deformation, and continental rheology, is key to our understanding of mountain-building processes. As the largest active mountain ranges on Earth, much of the body of work surrounding this topic has focused on the Tibetan Plateau and the Andes (e.g. Argand 1924;Suárez et al. 1983;Dewey et al. 1988;England & Houseman 1988;Isacks 1988;Molnar & Lyon-Caen 1989;Whitman et al. 1996;Lamb & Hoke 1997;Barke et al. 2007;Royden et al. 2008). However, a full understanding of continental tectonics and rheology requires knowledge of the deformation, evolution and dynamics of not just the planet's largest and most rapidly deforming regions, but also of smaller deformation zones (e.g. Batt & Braun 1999;Macedo & Marshak 1999;Nissen et al. 2011b). A lack of published data, extremely limited geodetic coverage and difficulty of access mean there have been relatively few studies of the western part of the Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau system, where the Himalaya curve to the southwest into the lobate fold-thrust belts of Pakistan. The widest of these, the Sulaiman Range (Fig. 1a), forms a strongly curved, asymmetric lobe with ∼300 km across-strike width. This range has experienced plentiful earthquakes during the instrumental period, and has been the subject of several competing hypotheses about the behaviour and mechanics of fold-thrust belts (Humayon et al. 1991;Jadoon & Khurshid 1996;Haq & Davis 1997;Macedo & Marshak 1999;Bernard et al. 2000;Reiter et al. 2011). In this paper, we study the Sulaiman Range in order to gain insights into the ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: G E O L O G I C a L S E T T I N Gmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution and dynamics of a fold-thrust belt: the Sulaiman Range of Pakistan

Reynolds

Copley

Hussain

2015

Geophysical Journal International

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“…The first and second melting events occurred within the outcrops of the volcanogenic conglomerate of the Late Cretaceous Bibai Formation (Kazmi 1979;Khan et al 2000;Kassi et al 2009) of the western Sulaiman Fold-Thrust Belt, which comprises mostly sedimentary successions ( Figure 1; Table 1 (Kazmi 1979;Siddiqui et al 1996;Khan et al 2000;Mahoney et al 2002;Kassi et al 2009). The belt occurred as result of collision of the Eurasian and Indian plates; therefore, it is tectonically and seismically active (Ambraseys & Bilham 2003).…”

Section: Regional Geologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At Tor Zawar Mountain, Ziarat District, the steel pylons are installed directly over a thick succession of the volcanogenic conglomerate of the Late Cretaceous Bibai Formation (Kazmi 1979;Khan et al 2000;Kassi et al 2009), which is composed of over 95% of basaltic boulders. In the Jang Tor Ghar, however, the affected steel pylon of the electric transmission line is installed over the alluvium, comprising mostly ultramafic fragments of the Muslim Bagh Ophiolites.…”

Section: Field Relationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrences of rock-fulgurites associated with steel pylons of the overhead electric transmission line at Tor Zawar, Ziarat District and Jang Tor Ghar, Muslim Bagh, Pakistan

KASSI¹,

KASI²,

FRIIS³

et al. 2013

Turkish J Earth Sci

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“…They discussed the regional and local geology, volcanological aspects, petrography and majorelement and trace-element contents of a few samples and proposed a possible mode of origin for this material. We wish to clarify aspects of the geological framework of the area and to comment on the possible mode of genesis of these rocks on the basis of our own extensive field work in the area (Khan et al, 2000;Kassi et al, 2009). We also add observations of another similar event that occurred almost a year later (in January 2011), about 300 m north of the first occurrence.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Comments on the eruption of basaltic magma at Tor Zawar, Balochistan, Pakistan on 27 January 2010, with a discussion of the geochemical and petrological constraints on its petrogenesis

Kassi¹,

Kasi²,

Khan³

et al. 2012

Mineral. mag.

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An article by A. C. Kerr and coworkers published in 2010 in Mineralogical Magazine (74, 1027À1036), reviewed an event that was interpreted as the eruption of a basaltic flow on 27 th January 2010, at Tor Zawar, Ziarat, Pakistan. The regional and local geology, volcanological aspects, petrography and major-element and trace-element analyses of two samples were presented. On the basis of these data it was proposed that this was a magmatic event and that the lava was derived from the mantle. On the basis of our extensive field work in the this area, and observations at the site of another similar incident that happened almost a year later (in January 2011)~300 m north of the first locality, we wish to clarify the geological context and propose an alternative origin.Our field observations suggest that both events were the result of localized surface melting at the base of metal electricity pylons, and their associated steel cable supports. The metal pylons and cable supports provided a path to earth for lightning discharges into the volcanic conglomerate of the Late Cretaceous Bibai Formation. We propose that this transmitted sufficient energy to melt the outcrop. We disagree with the proposal that the 'lava flows' at Tor Zawar were magmatic events and that the rocks formed are derived from the mantle. Alternatively, we propose that these 'lavas' were produced in a manner similar to fulgurites.

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Contrasting Late Cretaceous–Palaeocene lithostratigraphic successions across the Bibai Thrust, western Sulaiman Fold–Thrust Belt, Pakistan: Their significance in deciphering the early-collisional history of the NW Indian Plate margin

Cited by 30 publications

References 13 publications

Evolution and dynamics of a fold-thrust belt: the Sulaiman Range of Pakistan

Evolution and dynamics of a fold-thrust belt: the Sulaiman Range of Pakistan

Occurrences of rock-fulgurites associated with steel pylons of the overhead electric transmission line at Tor Zawar, Ziarat District and Jang Tor Ghar, Muslim Bagh, Pakistan

Comments on the eruption of basaltic magma at Tor Zawar, Balochistan, Pakistan on 27 January 2010, with a discussion of the geochemical and petrological constraints on its petrogenesis

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