Abstract:Wood-feeding insects encounter challenging diets containing low protein quantities, recalcitrant carbohydrate sources, and plant defensive compounds. The Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) is a wood-feeding insect that attacks and kills a diversity of hardwood tree species. We compared gene expression of midguts collected from larvae feeding in a preferred tree, sugar maple, to those consuming a nutrient-rich artificial diet, to identify genes putatively involved in host plant utilization. Anop… Show more
“…Lipid metabolism to fuel flight has been relatively well studied in bark beetles, but less information is available on the use of other energy sources in the energy budget (Nȇ mec et al 1993). Wood-feeding insects obtain carbohydrates from digestion of the primary and secondary cell wall polysaccharides of plant tissue (Mason et al 2016). Bark beetles colonize trees with phloem rich in glucose and fructose (Ilse and Hellgren 2007), and beetle glucose content increases with prolonged phloem feeding (Chen et al 2011).…”
Dispersal by flight is obligatory for bark beetles in the subfamily Scolytinae. Adult bark beetles must leave the natal host and fly to seek new hosts for brood production. Because of the eruptive nature of some bark beetle populations, dispersal capacity has implications for beetle spread and invasion across the landscape. Bark beetle dispersal can occur over short distances within a stand or over long distances above the forest canopy, where wind aids dispersal. Despite the obvious importance of dispersal for predicting population spread, knowledge gaps in understanding factors that influence bark beetle dispersal remain. In this review, we synthesize information on bark beetle flight to gain a better understanding of this important life history trait. We assess the impact of genetic, physiological, and morphological traits on flight in different bark beetle species. We also consider the impact of abiotic and biotic environmental conditions on flight. We discuss how measurements of these factors could contribute to the development of comprehensive models to better predict spread of bark beetle populations. Through the synthesis of flight research on a variety of bark beetle species, this review provides suggestions for future avenues of research on this important aspect of bark beetle ecology.Résumé : Le vol est le moyen de dispersion obligatoire chez les scolytes dans la sous-famille des Scolytinae. Les scolytes adultes doivent quitter l'hôte où ils sont nés et s'envoler pour chercher de nouveaux hôtes afin d'assurer leur progéniture. À cause de la nature éruptive de certaines populations de scolytes, la capacité de dispersion a des répercussions sur la propagation et l'invasion de l'insecte dans le paysage. La dispersion des scolytes peut survenir sur de courtes distances à l'intérieur d'un peuplement d'arbres ou sur de longues distances au-dessus du couvert forestier où le vent favorise la dispersion. Malgré l'importance évidente de la dispersion pour prédire la propagation de la population, il y a encore des lacunes dans les connaissances concernant la compréhension des facteurs qui influencent la dispersion des scolytes. Dans cette revue de littérature, nous résumons l'information sur le vol des scolytes pour avoir une meilleure compréhension de cet aspect important du cycle vital. Nous évaluons l'impact des traits génétiques, physiologiques et morphologiques sur le vol chez les différentes espèces de scolytes. Nous discutons de la façon dont la mesure de ces facteurs abiotiques et biotiques pourrait contribuer au développement de modèles complets pour mieux prédire la propagation des populations de scolytes. Par le biais de la synthèse de la recherche sur le vol chez une variété d'espèces de scolytes, cette revue de littérature fournit des suggestions pour de futures avenues de recherche sur cet aspect important de l'écologie des scolytes. [Traduit par la Rédaction]
“…Lipid metabolism to fuel flight has been relatively well studied in bark beetles, but less information is available on the use of other energy sources in the energy budget (Nȇ mec et al 1993). Wood-feeding insects obtain carbohydrates from digestion of the primary and secondary cell wall polysaccharides of plant tissue (Mason et al 2016). Bark beetles colonize trees with phloem rich in glucose and fructose (Ilse and Hellgren 2007), and beetle glucose content increases with prolonged phloem feeding (Chen et al 2011).…”
Dispersal by flight is obligatory for bark beetles in the subfamily Scolytinae. Adult bark beetles must leave the natal host and fly to seek new hosts for brood production. Because of the eruptive nature of some bark beetle populations, dispersal capacity has implications for beetle spread and invasion across the landscape. Bark beetle dispersal can occur over short distances within a stand or over long distances above the forest canopy, where wind aids dispersal. Despite the obvious importance of dispersal for predicting population spread, knowledge gaps in understanding factors that influence bark beetle dispersal remain. In this review, we synthesize information on bark beetle flight to gain a better understanding of this important life history trait. We assess the impact of genetic, physiological, and morphological traits on flight in different bark beetle species. We also consider the impact of abiotic and biotic environmental conditions on flight. We discuss how measurements of these factors could contribute to the development of comprehensive models to better predict spread of bark beetle populations. Through the synthesis of flight research on a variety of bark beetle species, this review provides suggestions for future avenues of research on this important aspect of bark beetle ecology.Résumé : Le vol est le moyen de dispersion obligatoire chez les scolytes dans la sous-famille des Scolytinae. Les scolytes adultes doivent quitter l'hôte où ils sont nés et s'envoler pour chercher de nouveaux hôtes afin d'assurer leur progéniture. À cause de la nature éruptive de certaines populations de scolytes, la capacité de dispersion a des répercussions sur la propagation et l'invasion de l'insecte dans le paysage. La dispersion des scolytes peut survenir sur de courtes distances à l'intérieur d'un peuplement d'arbres ou sur de longues distances au-dessus du couvert forestier où le vent favorise la dispersion. Malgré l'importance évidente de la dispersion pour prédire la propagation de la population, il y a encore des lacunes dans les connaissances concernant la compréhension des facteurs qui influencent la dispersion des scolytes. Dans cette revue de littérature, nous résumons l'information sur le vol des scolytes pour avoir une meilleure compréhension de cet aspect important du cycle vital. Nous évaluons l'impact des traits génétiques, physiologiques et morphologiques sur le vol chez les différentes espèces de scolytes. Nous discutons de la façon dont la mesure de ces facteurs abiotiques et biotiques pourrait contribuer au développement de modèles complets pour mieux prédire la propagation des populations de scolytes. Par le biais de la synthèse de la recherche sur le vol chez une variété d'espèces de scolytes, cette revue de littérature fournit des suggestions pour de futures avenues de recherche sur cet aspect important de l'écologie des scolytes. [Traduit par la Rédaction]
“…Many of these genes were previously induced in insects feeding in A . saccharum (sugar maple) relative to a nutrient rich artificial diet, suggesting that they are important for digestion and plant interactions 21 (Table 1 and Supplementary Info [Supplemental Table 1 ]). Figure 2 Relative Abundance of Genes in Various Functional Categories.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Previously, several categories of genes were hypothesized to aid in digestion, detoxification, nutrient acquisition, and host range determination in A . glabripennis and expression levels of these genes in the gut were altered as larvae fed in Acer saccharum 21 compared to a nutrient rich artificial diet high in nutrients and free of plant defensive compounds. Expression levels of several of these genes were also altered as larvae fed on poplar.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…glabripennis -specific expansion) 3 , trypsins (seven genes), lipases (six genes) and cytochrome P450s (six genes). Additional genes coding for digestive enzymes that were assigned to this group included one GH 45 gene capable of functioning as an endo-β-1,4-glucanase in vitro 3 , 20 , two GH 30 genes previously upregulated in larvae feeding in sugar maple trees compared to artificial diet 21 , one cysteine proteinase, and one GMC oxidoreductase. Likewise, genes coding for detoxification enzymes and other genes coding for enzymes involved in stress response were assigned to this group, including one gene annotated as aldehyde oxidase/xanthine dehydrogenase, a glutathione peroxidase, a glutathione S-transferase (GST), one peptide methionine sulfoxide, which can repair proteins inactivated by oxidation, two HSP20 genes, which can protect proteins against stress-induced proteolysis and denaturation, one BAG domain protein, and one E3 ubiquitin protein ligase.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Carboxylesterases, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), and glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 1 genes are particularly enriched in A . glabripennis relative to other insects 3 , 19 and the expression patterns of these genes are plastic 21 . In concert with endogenous enzymes encoded by A .…”
Polyphagous insect herbivores possess diverse mechanisms to overcome challenges of feeding in multiple plant species including, but not limited to, transcriptional plasticity and associations with obligate or facultative symbionts. The Asian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) is a polyphagous wood-feeder capable of developing on over 100 tree species and, like other polyphages, its genome contains amplifications of digestive and detoxification genes. This insect also possesses a diverse gut microbial community, which has the metabolic potential to augment digestive physiology. While the genomic repertoires of A. glabripennis and its microbial community have been studied previously, comparatively less is known about how the gut transcriptome and community change in response to feeding in different hosts. In this study, we show that feeding in two suitable hosts (Acer spp. and Populus nigra) altered the expression levels of multicopy genes linked to digestion and detoxification. However, feeding in a host with documented resistance (Populus tomentosa) induced changes in the transcriptome and community beyond what was observed in insects reared in P. nigra, including the downregulation of numerous β-glucosidases, odorant binding proteins, and juvenile hormone binding proteins, the upregulation of several cuticular genes, and the loss of one major bacterial family from the gut community.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
