Contrast therapy—A systematic review

Hing, Wayne; White, Stephen G.; Bouaaphone, Anousith; Lee, Peter

doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2008.06.001

Cited by 48 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Further, in theory, the eVects of hydrostatic pressure associated with cold temperature or both hot and cold therapy may result in both muscular and vascular compression and therefore assist the reduction of early onset swelling and inXammation (Goodall and Howatson 2008). The technique of alternating hot-cold water or contrast water temperature therapy (CWT) is proposed to create a "vaso-pumping" action through alternating vasodilatation and vasoconstriction of the blood vessels due to temperature changes (Cochrane 2004;Hing et al 2008). The alterations in peripheral vessel constriction are proposed to increase blood Xow and enhance the removal of metabolic by-products, consequently speeding recovery (Bailey et al 2007;Vaile et al 2008a, b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short term effects of various water immersions on recovery from exhaustive intermittent exercise

et al. 2010

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In order to investigate the effectiveness of different techniques of water immersion recovery on maximal strength, power and the post-exercise inflammatory response in elite athletes, 41 highly trained (Football, Rugby, Volleyball) male subjects (age = 21.5 ± 4.6 years, mass = 73.1 ± 9.7 kg and height = 176.7 ± 9.7 cm) performed 20 min of exhaustive, intermittent exercise followed by a 15 min recovery intervention. The recovery intervention consisted of different water immersion techniques, including: temperate water immersion (36°C; TWI), cold water immersion (10°C; CWI), contrast water temperature (10-42°C; CWT) and a passive recovery (PAS). Performances during a maximal 30-s rowing test (P(30 s)), a maximal vertical counter-movement jump (CMJ) and a maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MVC) of the knee extensor muscles were measured at rest (Pre-exercise), immediately after the exercise (Post-exercise), 1 h after (Post 1 h) and 24 h later (Post 24 h). Leukocyte profile and venous blood markers of muscle damage (creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)) were also measured Pre-exercise, Post 1 h and Post 24 h. A significant time effect was observed to indicate a reduction in performance (Pre-exercise vs. Post-exercise) following the exercise bout in all conditions (P < 0.05). Indeed, at 1 h post exercise, a significant improvement in MVC and P(30 s) was respectively observed in the CWI and CWT groups compared to pre-exercise. Further, for the CWI group, this result was associated with a comparative blunting of the rise in total number of leucocytes at 1 h post and of plasma concentration of CK at 24 h post. The results indicate that the practice of cold water immersion and contrast water therapy are more effective immersion modalities to promote a faster acute recovery of maximal anaerobic performances (MVC and 30″ all-out respectively) after an intermittent exhaustive exercise. These results may be explained by the suppression of plasma concentrations of markers of inflammation and damage, suggesting reduced passive leakage from disrupted skeletal muscle, which may result in the increase in force production during ensuing bouts of exercise.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short term effects of various water immersions on recovery from exhaustive intermittent exercise

et al. 2010

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“…The ratio of hot to cold water immersion duration varies from 1:1 (Vaile et al 2008a) up to 4:1 (Cochrane 2004). Recent review articles have discussed a range of mechanisms by which CWT might assist recovery from exercise (Hing et al 2008;Cochrane 2004), these include: promotion of blood Xow through alternating vasodilation and vasoconstriction, stimulation of the central nervous system, internal body temperature changes, increasing blood lactate clearance, and decreasing oedema.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reviews into the use of CWT have concluded that there is inconclusive and insuYcient evidence to support the use of CWT to enhance post-exercise recovery (Barnett 2006;Cochrane 2004;Hing et al 2008;Wilcock et al 2006a); however, this could be partly due to the methods used by various studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of contrast water therapy duration on recovery of cycling performance: a dose–response study

2010

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This study investigated whether contrast water therapy (CWT) has a dose-response effect on recovery from high-intensity cycling. Eleven trained male cyclists completed four trials, each commencing with a 75-min cycling protocol containing six sets of five 15-s sprints and three 5-min time-trials in thermoneutral conditions. Ten minutes post-exercise, participants performed one of four recovery protocols: CWT for 6 min (CWT6), 12 min (CWT12), or 18 min (CWT18) duration, or a seated rest control trial. The CWT commenced in hot water (38.4 ± 0.6°C) and alternated between hot and cold water (14.6 ± 0.3°C) every minute with a 5-s changeover. The cycling protocol was repeated 2 h after completion of exercise bout one. Prior to exercise bout two, core temperature was lower in CWT12 (-0.19 ± 0.14°C, mean ± 90% CL) and CWT18 (-0.21 ± 0.10°C) than control. Compared with control, CWT6 substantially improved time-trial (1.5 ± 2.1%) and sprint performance (3.0 ± 3.1%), and CWT12 substantially improved sprint total work (4.3 ± 3.4%) and peak power (2.7 ± 3.8%) in exercise bout two. All CWT conditions generally improved thermal sensation, whole body fatigue and muscle soreness compared with control, but no differences existed between conditions in heart rate or rating of perceived exertion. In conclusion, CWT duration did not have a dose-response effect on recovery from high-intensity cycling; however, CWT for up to 12 min assisted recovery of cycling performance.

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“…There are 2 methods: immersion in cold water and immersion in alternately cold and hot water (contrast water immersion). Such immersion activity helps repair muscle damage 24) and remove metabolites produced by exercise 25) , through which the pre-exercise condition is rapidly restored in preparation for subsequent exercise. Crampton et al 26) investigated the influence of 30-minutes of contrast water immersion on recovery following sprint cycling, and observed its usefulness for maintaining, and even improving performance compared to recovery by sitting at rest on land.…”

Section: Exercise Recovery By Water Immersionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular responses in rest, exercise, and recovery phases in water immersion

Matsui

Onodera

2013

JPFSM

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Water exercise is particularly important for lifestyle disease prevention and longterm care prevention, and is prevalent among the middle-aged and elderly population. During water immersion, buoyancy acts on the immersed body and the influence of gravity is reduced. In addition, cardiovascular responses, caused by blood shifts from the abdomen and legs to the thoracic region, occur due to water pressure, unlike in the case of land exercise. Resting water immersion at thermoneutral conditions (about 34°C water temperature) induces an increase in stroke volume, a reduction in heart rate, an increase in cardiac output, and a reduction of total peripheral vascular resistance, unlike resting on land. During water exercise and the recovery phase of water exercise, there are similar cardiovascular responses due to changes in blood flow. The water temperature and water level cause changes in these basic responses. It has been confirmed that water exercise does not lead to excessive responses in blood pressure, and is effective in cardiovascular rehabilitation. In addition, water immersion during the recovery phase after exercise has attracted attention as a rehabilitative exercise modality. Previous studies have suggested that the effects of immersion on cardiovascular response in the rest, exercise, and recovery phases provide benefits to the immersed person, but further studies are needed to confirm the effective application of the methods.

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Contrast therapy—A systematic review

Cited by 48 publications

References 17 publications

Short term effects of various water immersions on recovery from exhaustive intermittent exercise

Short term effects of various water immersions on recovery from exhaustive intermittent exercise

Effect of contrast water therapy duration on recovery of cycling performance: a dose–response study

Cardiovascular responses in rest, exercise, and recovery phases in water immersion

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