Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) for Differentiating Between Hepatocellular and Cholangiocellular Carcinoma

Abstract

HCC and ICC differ to some extent in their CEUS enhancement pattern. Incomplete arterial hyperenhancement is more often seen in ICC than in HCC. A rim sign seems to be specific for ICC, but is only rarely present. However, in a case-to-case decision, due to overlapping characteristics, a reliable differentiation between the two tumor types by CEUS alone is very often not possible.

Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound of Focal Liver Lesions

“…Although rare, ICCs can grow in a cirrhotic liver (1-2% of newly discovered nodules in a cirrhotic liver are ICCs). In these cases, the main issue is the differential diagnosis with HCC nodules [69][70][71].…”

Characterization of Primary and Recurrent Nodules in Liver Cirrhosis Using Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound: Which Vascular Criteria Should Be Adopted?

“…The differential diagnosis between HCC and CCC is a critical and still open issue. Bohle et al recently demonstrated that a reliable differentiation between these two liver tumors by CEUS is not always possible [23]. Based on similar results, implying a risk of misdiagnosis, CEUS was excluded from the last update of the AASLD guidelines.…”

Administration of Gemcitabine for Metastatic Adenocarcinoma during Pregnancy: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

“…In the report by Kim et al, pregnancy was unknown when treatment was initiated. As early as in the first trimester, the fetus was exposed to three different chemotherapeutics, including a cumulative dose of 5 g/m 2 gemcitabine (approximately gestational weeks [17][18][19][20][21][22], and even distant irradiation therapy, resulting in no apparent toxicity or abnormalities of the infant. Although the longterm outcome of the child is not known, this report is a good example that chemotherapy is feasible during pregnancy.…”