Contrast-enhanced MR Angiography of the Chest and Abdomen with Use of Controlled Apnea in Children¹

Abstract

Controlled apnea is highly effective in children for eliminating respiratory motion artifacts with contrast-enhanced MR angiographic studies, resulting in greatly improved image quality and spatial resolution.

4D MUSIC CMR: value-based imaging of neonates and infants with congenital heart disease

“…All neonates and infants were examined during continuous positive pressure ventilation as is standard at our institution and at many centers performing neonatal CMR [2, 3]. Patients were transported directly to the CMR suites, already intubated and sedated.…”

Guidelines and protocols for cardiovascular magnetic resonance in children and adults with congenital heart disease: SCMR expert consensus group on congenital heart disease

“…When possible, MRA should be performed with breath-holding to minimize artifact from respiratory motion [35]. In smaller patients, one should ensure that spatial resolution, both in-plane and partition thickness, is sufficient.…”

Self-gated 4D multiphase, steady-state imaging with contrast enhancement (MUSIC) using rotating cartesian K-space (ROCK): Validation in children with congenital heart disease

“…After motion compensation, the k-space data of each cardiac phase are reconstructed using Eq. [4], where x is the reconstructed volumetric image; D and F represent undersampling and Fourier transform operations; S is the sensitivity maps of all the receiver coils estimated using ESPIRiT method (19); y is the under-sampled kspace measurement from each receiver coils; w is the soft-gating term calculated from the derived respiratory SG motion surrogate; and CðxÞ is the regularization term on spatial sparsity in the wavelet domain.…”

“…f ðxÞ ¼ argmin x wðDF Sx À yÞ 2 2 þ lWðxÞ: [4] Motion compensation and image reconstruction algorithms were implemented in a custom-built personal computer (PC) (quad-core central processing unit, 32 GB memory) with parallelized graphics processing unit (GPU) acceleration using Cþ þ and the Berkeley advanced reconstruction toolbox toolbox (26). The PC was connected with the MRI scanner via Ethernet cable so that k-space data are transferred to the PC as they are acquired, and images are sent back to the scanner upon the completion of reconstruction (27).…”