Contrast effects in verbal output

Manis, Melvin; Armstrong, Gregory W.

doi:10.1016/0022-1031(71)90072-2

Cited by 38 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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Contrasting

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“…Adaptation-level theory provides insight into the influence of context (prior judgments) upon current evaluations (Manis & Armstrong, 1971). According to the theory, contrast occurs when prior evaluations accentuate perceived differences between current and previous stimuli.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although contrast effects have been documented in a variety of situations (see, for example, Bettman & Sujan, 1987;Levin & Gaeth, 1988;Manis & Armstrong, 1971;Puto, 1987;Qualls & Puto, 1989;Sherman, Ahlm, & Berman, 1978;Thaler, 1985;Thaler & Johnson, 19901, it is uncertain whether analogous results should obtain for ethical judgments in marketing. Ethical decisions may be unique by merit of their seriousness and moral consequences, and hence may not be subject t o the same psychological mechanisms that govern other types of decisions.…”

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confidence: 93%

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Contextual bias in ethical judgment of marketing practices

Kellaris¹,

Dahlstrøm²,

Boyle³

1996

Psychol. Mark.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 93%

Contextual bias in ethical judgment of marketing practices

Kellaris¹,

Dahlstrøm²,

Boyle³

1996

Psychol. Mark.

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“…Computer-based information searches were conducted with the use of the keywords (1) assimilation-contrast, (2) assimilation contrast (no hyphen), (3) contrast, (4) assimilation, (5) contrast effects, and (6) : 1971: -1998: ), and INFOSEEK (1986. The search also included the reference lists of review articles and the reference lists of located studies.…”

Section: Sample Of Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is, however, less agreement about the conditions and processes that lead individuals to contrast current decisions with prior evaluations (Wyer & Srull, 1989). Factors suggested to influence judgment include, but are not limited to, awareness (recall) of prime (Higgins et al, 1985), frequency of the prime (Srull & Wyer, 1979) communication methods (Manis & Armstrong, 1971), discrepancy between judgment target and stimulus (Herr, 1989), prior experience (Clark & Collins, 1993), category accessibility (Herr et al, 1983;, motivation and cognitive effort (Higgins & Stangor, 1988), stereotypes of target (Biernat, Manis, & Nelson, 1991), question order (Mason, Carlson, & Tourangeau, 1994), and personal tendency toward optimism (McFarland & Miller, 1994).…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

A meta‐analytic investigation of contrast effects in decision making

Dato-on¹,

Dahlstrøm²

2003

Psychology and Marketing

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Several theoretical perspectives and numerous experiments illustrate the influence of context on social judgment. Debate ensues, however, when researchers attempt to describe mechanisms that lead persons to contrast current decisions with prior judgments. The purpose of this study is to summarize and qualify prior analyses of the influences of context on judgment. Procedural conditions, stimuli type, and priming conditions are implicated as factors that moderate the main effect of extremity on contrastive judgments. Meta-analytical methods assess the main effect and moderators of contrastive judgments. Discussion of the results focuses on the implications of the study for theory of contrastive judgments and strategy. ᭧

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“…Other research has assessed the importance of previous verbal contex tual information on subsequent behavior. For instance, Manis (1967; see also Manis & Armstrong, 1971) presented participants with verbal state ments that described individuals portraying a particular emotional state. The valence of emotions described within these verbal statements was manipulated across participants, such that some participants read statements that depicted negative emotions, whereas other participants read statements that depicted positive emotions.…”

Section: Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

How to Make a Politician More Likeable and Effective: Framing Political Judgments Through the Numeric Values of a Rating Scale

Haddock¹,

Carrick²

1999

Social Cognition

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Two studies examined whether the numeric values used on rating scales would in fluence judgments about British Prime Minister Tony Blair. Study 1 , conducted on the day before the 1 997 British general election, involved participants rating Blair on the attributes of caring, friendliness, honesty, and intelligence. For all partici pants, the verbal endpoints were "not at all" and "extremely." However, the nu meric values associated with these endpoints were either -5 and +5 or 0 and 10. The results supported the prediction: Trait ratings of Blair were more favorable in the -5 to +5 condition. Study 2, conducted less than one week after Blair's victory in the election, explored whether trait ratings (as elicited from a numeric values ma nipulation) would impact a subsequent judgment about Blair's predicted effective ness as Prime Minister. The results supported the hypothesis: Participants used their earlier responses to derive their second judgment, such that Blair was expected to be more effective when he had previously been rated on a -5 to +5 scale. Implica tions of the findings on social judgments and political attitudes are discussed.Over the years, polls have become a vital component of the political process. During political campaigns, poll results are often used in an attempt to manipulate public opinion. Indeed, recent research has re vealed that polls are effective in influencing voters' preferences and behavior. A favorable poll result can exaggerate a candidate's popu larity and lead undecided voters to join a political bandwagon (Morwitz & Pluzinski, 1996). However, polls and other public opinion

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Contrast effects in verbal output

Cited by 38 publications

References 6 publications

Contextual bias in ethical judgment of marketing practices

Contextual bias in ethical judgment of marketing practices

A meta‐analytic investigation of contrast effects in decision making

How to Make a Politician More Likeable and Effective: Framing Political Judgments Through the Numeric Values of a Rating Scale

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