Contrast coding in the primary visual cortex depends on temporal contexts

Abstract

Contrast response function in the primary visual cortex (V1) has long been described as following a sigmoid curve. However, this is mainly based on measuring neural responses to drifting contrast grating in a stable stimulation, a model that does not consider the effects of motion or length of stimulus presentation. During natural viewing, the visual system can obtain sufficient information for identifying the shapes defined by contrast from a single glance; acquiring greater knowledge of the neuronal response properties to contrast in such a short timescale is necessary to understand the underlying mechanisms. We investigated responses of cat V1 neurons to contrast presented by static grating for 40 ms without pause compared to drifting grating presented continuously for 2000 ms. The neuronal response to transiently presented contrast could be well described by a linear function. Further examination of the effects of motion and presentation duration on contrast responses demonstrated that motion increased response sensitivity in the low-contrast range, while brief presentation increased response sensitivity in the high-contrast range. Motion and prolonged presentation (adaptation) together resulted in an asymptotic sigmoid curve with a saturation response in the high-contrast range. These results suggest that motion mainly enhance the neural response sensitivity to low-contrast objects, while short and rapid presentation mainly enhance the neural sensitivity to high-contrast stimulus. Our findings indicate that multiple factors influence the properties of contrast response functions, suggesting that V1 neuron contrast coding is flexible and depends on the temporal contexts.

Adaptive coding occurs in object categorization and may not be associated with schizotypal personality traits

“…For example, previous work has shown that when one is adapted to a blurry image, a subsequently presented image will appear sharper than it actually is. Similar effects occur for contrast 5 , orientation 6,7 , surround suppression 8 , and mismatch negativity 9 . Adaptive processes contribute also to functions that are more complex, including reward processing [10][11][12][13] , object categorization 14,15 , rule learning 16,17 , and attractiveness 18 and moral judgements 19 .…”

Persistent Firing and Adaptation in Optic-Flow-Sensitive Descending Neurons

“…Many olfactory and visual neurons display a similar initial transient response to strong stimuli, which is often followed by slower response decay (e.g., [22,24,54,55]). The initial response transient is the information rich component with higher contrast gain and response gain compared with the sustained response [56]. Indeed, in cat V1, the initial response transient shows increased contrast gain (i.e., a left shift of the contrast response function), whereas the decay phase shows a decrement in response gain (a combination of an after-effect and output range reduction) [57].…”