“…There seems to be surprisingly little work in the mechanism design literature that considers optimal design with an ex ante action by the designer. Instead, most work focusses on optimal design with ex ante actions by agents, such as investments in their valuation or information acquisition (e.g., Rogerson, 1992, Cremer et al, 1998, Bergemann and Välimäki, 2002, to name only a few).…”