Continuous-wave electron linear accelerators for industrial applications

Yurov, Dmitry; Alimov, A.S.; Ishkhanov, B. S.; Shvedunov, V.I.

doi:10.1103/physrevaccelbeams.20.044702

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…However, the cavity length would be ~2 m, that is, nearly twice that of the SRF cryomodule, and the iris radius being ~1 cm could lead to significant beam scraping, which could damage the cavity given the high beam power. A different normal conducting accelerating structure recently demonstrated the possibility to accelerate an electron beam from 15 kV to ~1.2 MeV, with a beam current up to 25 kW, in a compact CW RF accelerator for industrial applications [52,53]. The structure resonates at 2.45 GHz, it is ~1.3 m long and it dissipates ~20 kW in the copper walls.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of a cw, low-energy, high-power superconducting linac for environmental applications

Ciovati

Anderson

Coriton

et al. 2018

Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams

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The treatment of flue gases from power plants and municipal or industrial wastewater using electron beam irradiation technology has been successfully demonstrated in small-scale pilot plants. The beam energy requirement is rather modest, on the order of a few MeV, however the adoption of the technology at an industrial scale requires the availability of high beam power, of the order of 1 MW, in a cost effective way. In this article we present the design of a compact superconducting accelerator capable of delivering a cw electron beam with a current of 1 A and an energy of 1 MeV. The main components are an rf-gridded thermionic gun and a conduction cooled β = 0.5 elliptical Nb3Sn cavity with dual coaxial power couplers. An engineering and cost analysis shows that the proposed design would result in a processing cost competitive with alternative treatment methods. List of acronyms SRF -radio-frequency superconductivity GM -Gifford-McMahon BLA -beamline absorber HOM -higher-order mode FPC -fundamental power coupler BBU -beam breakup YBCO -yttrium barium copper oxide CW -continuous wave VED -vacuum electron device

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of a cw, low-energy, high-power superconducting linac for environmental applications

Ciovati

Anderson

Coriton

et al. 2018

Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams

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“…Finally, at 18 MeV, the rate is 2.05 • 10 5 cGy/ min/mA, translating to 8 mA or 144 kW beam-a factor of 3 lower than for conventional 9 MeV energy. 100 kW-class industrial accelerators do exist and are in operation around the world (Jongen et al, 1993;Bryazgin et al, 2008;Yurov et al, 2024), but their dimensions are way beyond the hospital environment. On the other hand, these linacs are designed to work in continuous wave regime 24/7 in a factory setting with very little downtime.…”

Section: Accelerator Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility study of high-power electron linac for clinical X-ray ROAD-FLASH therapy system

Kutsaev,

Agustsson,

Boucher

et al. 2024

Front. Med. Eng.

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Introduction: This study examines how a practical source of X-ray radiation, capable of delivering unprecedented X-ray of 100 Gy/s at 1 m for X-ray FLASH radiotherapy can be designed.Methods: We proposed the design of a linac, capable of accelerating 18 MeV 8 mA electron beam with further conversion to bremsstrahlung X-rays. The design is based on L-band traveling wave accelerating structures with high power efficiency, operating in a short-burst/long-pulse regime that allows operating power supply in a regime, beyond its specifications.Results: This study demonstrates the feasibility of a high-power linac for a clinical X-ray FLASH therapy system, using detailed analysis and simulations. Despite ∼500x higher output than a standard clinical linac, the design utilizes available accelerator components for maximal practicality.Discussion: Recent studies have demonstrated that the FLASH effect that allows to effectively kill tumor cells while sparing normal tissue occurs when large dose rates (≥40 Gy/s) are delivered in less than 1 s. Photons are very attractive since modest energies of several MeV are needed, which can be achieved with compact and cost-efficient accelerators. However, since the efficiency of electron-to-photon conversion is only a few percent, the required beam intensity must be an order of magnitude higher than that state-of-the-art accelerators can provide. The proposed ROAD-FLASH accelerator layout allows achieving both the FLASH dose rate and superior dose conformity, comparing to the similar projects. The current paper focuses on providing a technical roadmap for building an economical and practical linear accelerator for ROAD X-ray FLASH delivery.

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“…However, in practice, the RF generator can have a frequency jitter or change frequency during operation due to temperature variations. Also, the frequency of the accelerating structure itself can change due to thermal effects [129]. The frequency change leads to a change in the EM wave's phase velocity since the disk-loaded waveguide has a dispersion [15].…”

Section: Energy Under-gain Due To Rf Frequency Mismatchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electron bunchers for industrial RF linear accelerators: theory and design guide

Kutsaev

2021

Eur. Phys. J. Plus

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The acceleration of electrons in resonant linear accelerators (linacs) typically consists of three main stages: (1) emission of the electrons from the cathode and their pre-acceleration with a DC field to the energy of tens of keV; (2) grouping the DC electron beam into bunches and their synchronization with the correct phase of high-frequency electromagnetic fields, and (3) accelerating the bunches of relativistic electrons to the required energies. Although many books describe the theoretical and practical aspects of electron linac design, most of them concentrate on beam physics in either the gun stage or in the relativistic regime, while leaving the description of the bunching process rather general. The physics of non-relativistic motion is described in the literature on ion accelerators, but in practice, it cannot be scaled to electron machines due to the significantly different particle mass and acceleration rate, beam velocity change, and frequencies. In this tutorial review paper, we will fill this gap with a detailed description of the bunching process and provide practical advice on the design of bunching sections in industrial-grade electron linacs.

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Continuous-wave electron linear accelerators for industrial applications

Cited by 13 publications

References 20 publications

Design of a cw, low-energy, high-power superconducting linac for environmental applications

Design of a cw, low-energy, high-power superconducting linac for environmental applications

Feasibility study of high-power electron linac for clinical X-ray ROAD-FLASH therapy system

Electron bunchers for industrial RF linear accelerators: theory and design guide

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