Continuous measurements of surface exchange of SO2 and NH3; Implications for their possible interaction in the deposition process

Erisman, J. W.; Wyers, G.P.

doi:10.1016/0960-1686(93)90266-2

Cited by 167 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Together with a sonic anemometer for the measurement of the necessary meteorological parameters, 6 min average ammonia #uxes can be determined. Several studies have been made using the AMANDA gradient system (e.g., Erisman and Wyers, 1993;Sutton et al, 1993;Plantaz, 1998;Wyers and Erisman, 1998).…”

Section: Gradient System and Reamentioning

confidence: 99%

Instrument development and application in studies and monitoring of ambient ammonia

Erisman

2001

Atmospheric Environment

184

108

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During recent years, it has become clear that ammonia is an important gas in relation to di!erent environmental issues, such as acidi"cation, eutrophication, human health and climate change (through particle formation). Therefore, there is a growing need to develop and apply instrumentation suitable for research into emission, dispersion, conversion and deposition of ammonia and ammonium. Recently, several instruments were developed suitable for measuring concentrations in ambient conditions even at very low levels, such as ammonia sensors suitable for monitoring and research, deposition measuring systems and aerosol samplers for on-line measurement of aerosol composition. These instruments have been tested and applied in a number of "eld studies. These studies include dry deposition measurements, ammonium nitrate studies in relation to the (in)direct aerosol e!ect, emission studies and policy evaluation with concentration and deposition monitoring data. The policy evaluation study showed that the measures to reduce ammonia emissions were not as successful as projected beforehand by statistical studies.

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Section: Gradient System and Reamentioning

confidence: 99%

Instrument development and application in studies and monitoring of ambient ammonia

Erisman

2001

Atmospheric Environment

184

108

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“…Dry deposition rates of NH $ measured in the field indicate that NH $ has a high affinity for leaf cuticles and other plant surfaces (Erisman & Wyers, 1993 ;Sutton, Fowler & Moncrieff, 1993 b ;Duyzer et al, 1994). Even in the absence of free water on leaves, a significant amount of wetness appears to be associated with leaf cuticles, increasing at high humidities, which provides a sink for NH $ uptake.…”

Section: Exchange Of Ammonia With Leaf Surfacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In complex canopies, where each layer acts very differently, this would necessitate the development of multi-layer models to describe net fluxes (Sutton et al, 1997 b ;Nemitz et al, 1997). Further uncertainties include the potential for interactions with other atmospheric pollutants such as SO # , O $ , HNO $ and HCl on plant surfaces (Erisman & Wyers, 1993 ;Sutton, Schjørring & Wyers, 1995 d ;Cape et al, 1998), or with HNO $ and HCl in the air above or within canopies (Brost, Delany & Huebert, 1988 ;Kramm & Dlugi, 1994 ;Nemitz et al, 1996). The major uncertainties linked with each of these issues are considered in the following sections.…”

Section: Uncertaintiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ammonia: emission, atmospheric transport and deposition

Asman¹,

Sutton

Schjørring³

1998

New Phytologist

513

292

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The global emission of ammonia (NH $ ) is about 54 Mt N. The major global sources are excreta from domestic animals and fertilizers, but oceans, biomass burning and crops are also important. About 60 % of the global NH $ emission is estimated to come from anthropogenic sources. NH $ -N emissions are of the same order as the NO x -N emissions on both global and European scales. Emitted NH $ returns to the surface mainly in the form of dry deposition of NH $ and wet deposition of ammonium (NH % + ). In countries with high NH $ emission densities, dry deposition of NH $ from local sources and wet deposition of NH % + from remote sources dominate the deposition. In countries with low NH $ emission densities only wet deposition of NH % + from remote sources dominates the deposition. Surface exchange of NH $ is essentially bi-directional, depending on the NH $ compensation point concentration of the vegetation and the airborne concentration. In general, the compensation point is larger for agricultural than semi-natural plants, and varies with plant growth stage. According to basic thermodynamics the leaf tissue or stomatal compensation point of NH $ doubles for each increase of 5 mC. However, exchange of NH $ does not only occur through the stomata, but it can also be deposited to leaf surfaces, as well as emitted back to the atmosphere from drying leaf surfaces. Atmospheric transport and deposition models can be used to interpolate NH $ concentrations and depositions in space and time, to calculate import\export balances and to estimate past or future situations. Adverse effects on sensitive ecosystems caused by high N deposition can be reduced by lowering the emissions and, to a limited extent, also by removing sources close to the ecosystem to be protected.

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“…However, at a relative humidity of 50%, as chosen in the present experiments, the effect is considered to be relatively small. Under field conditions, where leaf surfaces may be wet or covered by hygroscopic salts, NH $ adsorption to leaf surfaces may substantially increase the NH $ flux to the plant canopy (Erisman & Wyers, 1993 ;Burkhardt & Eiden, 1994 ;Sutton et al, 1995). Controlled-chamber studies with Phaseolus vulgaris (van Hove et al, 1987(van Hove et al, , 1989, Populus euamericana (van Hove et al, 1991), H. vulgare (Husted & Schjoerring, 1995a) and Brassica napus revealed that NH $ uptake through the cuticle was indeed negligible.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Uptake and utilization of atmospheric ammonia in three native Poaceae species: leaf conductances, composition of apoplastic solution and interactions with root nitrogen supply

et al. 1999

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The physiological potential for acquisition of atmospheric ammonia (NH $ ) was investigated in three European meadow grasses (Arrhenatherum elatius, Bromus erectus and Brachypodium pinnatum) competing in chalk grasslands. Experiments were carried out with plants cultivated for about three months on a soil-sand mixture at high root nitrogen supply or in nutrient solutions at low root nitrogen supply. Two different root nitrogen regimes were applied to the solution-grown plants : 130 µmol NO $ plant −" wk −" (approx. 50 kg nitrogen ha −" in three months) ; or 130 µmol NO $ − plus 130 µmol NH % + plant −" wk −" . Each regime was combined with two levels of NH $ fumigation (0 and 70 nmol mol −" air for 24 d). Uptake of gaseous NH $ in the shoots was investigated under controlled environmental conditions including NH $ concentrations ranging from 0 to 30 nmol mol −" air. Concurrently, photosynthesis, glutamine synthetase activity, nitrogen allocation, biomass allocation and apoplastic cation composition were measured. For A. elatius, the influence of photorespiration on NH $ acquisition was also assessed.Independently of plant nitrogen status, ammonia compensation points in A. elatius and B. erectus plants were 0.5 nmol mol −" . The total leaf conductance to NH $ absorption remained constant at increasing NH $ concentrations, showing that the capacity for assimilation was unaltered. Whereas internal factors in the leaves did not cause differences in the potential for NH $ acquisition between the species, other factors of NH $ acquisition were quite different : B. erectus had higher stomatal conductance and, thus, higher NH $ uptake rates per unit leaf area compared to A. elatius and B. pinnatum ; higher stomatal conductances of B. erectus were to a large extent offset by a lower leaf area per plant, resulting from a lower growth rate and thicker leaves than in the two other species. The rate of photorespiration in Arrhenatherum constituted at least 15% of the net photosynthetic rate. Surprisingly, suppression of photorespiration indicated that NH $ uptake was supported by photorespiration. Bromus responded to fumigation with 70 nmol NH $ mol −" air for 24 d by lowering the root : shoot ratio and increasing the nitrogen concentration in the stem dry matter. The total leaf conductance to NH $ uptake decreased in all three species upon exposure to NH $ , while the stomatal conductance was unaffected. The NH $ exposure caused lower apoplastic concentrations of H + , Mg# + and Ca# + in A. elatius and B. erectus.

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Continuous measurements of surface exchange of SO2 and NH3; Implications for their possible interaction in the deposition process

Cited by 167 publications

References 12 publications

Instrument development and application in studies and monitoring of ambient ammonia

Instrument development and application in studies and monitoring of ambient ammonia

Ammonia: emission, atmospheric transport and deposition

Uptake and utilization of atmospheric ammonia in three native Poaceae species: leaf conductances, composition of apoplastic solution and interactions with root nitrogen supply

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