Continuous, intermittent and passive sampling of airborne VOCs

Jia, Chunrong; Batterman, Stuart; Godwin, Christopher

doi:10.1039/b708119g

Cited by 19 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Perfluorocarbon tracers (PFTs) for air exchange rate (AER) determinations, and ETS tracers were measured using passive samplers containing Tenax-GR and Carbosieve SIII adsorbents [42]. These samples were collected in duplicate in the child's bedroom.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle concentrations and effectiveness of free-standing air filters in bedrooms of children with asthma in Detroit, Michigan

Batterman

Parker

et al. 2011

Building and Environment

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Asthma can be exacerbated by environmental factors including airborne particulate matter (PM) and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). We report on a study designed to characterize PM levels and the effectiveness of filters on pollutant exposures of children with asthma. 126 households with an asthmatic child in Detroit, Michigan, were recruited and randomized into control or treatment groups. Both groups received asthma education; the latter also received a free-standing high efficiency air filter placed in the child's bedroom. Information regarding the home, emission sources, and occupant activities was obtained using surveys administered to the child's caregiver and a household inspection. Over a one-week period, we measured PM, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) tracers, and air exchange rates (AERs). Filters were installed at midweek. Before filter installation, PM concentrations averaged 28 µg m −3 , number concentrations averaged 70,777 and 1,471 L −1 in 0.3-1.0 and 1-5 µm size ranges, respectively, and the median CO 2 concentration was 1,018 ppm. ETS tracers were detected in 23 of 38 homes where smoking was unrestricted and occupants included smokers and, when detected, PM concentrations were elevated by an average of 15 µg m −3 . Filter use reduced PM concentrations by an average of 69 to 80%. Simulation models representing location conditions show that filter air flow, room volume and AERs are the key parameters affecting PM removal, however, filters can achieve substantial removal in even "worst" case applications. While PM levels in homes with asthmatic children can be high, levels can be dramatically reduced using filters.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle concentrations and effectiveness of free-standing air filters in bedrooms of children with asthma in Detroit, Michigan

Batterman

Parker

et al. 2011

Building and Environment

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“…Details of the method and its performance have been described elsewhere (Jia et al, 2007, 2006). After sampling, tubes were transported to the laboratory and analyzed within 5 days using an automated thermal desorption system (Scientific Instrument Services, Inc., Ringoes, NJ) followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS, Agilent 6890/5973, Santa Clara, CA) for 96 target VOCs.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variability of indoor and outdoor VOC measurements: An analysis using variance components

Jia

Batterman

Relyea

2012

Environmental Pollution

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This study examines concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) measured inside and outside of 162 residences in southeast Michigan, U.S.A. Nested analyses apportioned four sources of variation: city, residence, season, and measurement uncertainty. Indoor measurements were dominated by seasonal and residence effects, accounting for 50 and 31%, respectively, of the total variance. Contributions from measurement uncertainty (<20%) and city effects (<10%) were small. For outdoor measurements, season, city and measurement variation accounted for 43, 29 and 27% of variance, respectively, while residence location had negligible impact (<2%). These results show that, to obtain representative estimates of indoor concentrations, measurements in multiple seasons are required. In contrast, outdoor VOC concentrations can use multi-seasonal measurements at centralized locations. Error models showed that uncertainties at low concentrations might obscure effects of other factors. Variance component analyses can be used to interpret existing measurements, design effective exposure studies, and determine whether the instrumentation and protocols are satisfactory.

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“…Personal, microenvironmental and ambient air samples for benzene are typically collected over an extended time period, 12 to 48 h, therefore do not identify peak concentrations [96]. Short term excursions in benzene air concentrations and exposures exist around activities close to sources [97].…”

Section: Methodologies For Measuring Benzene Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Benzene exposure: An overview of monitoring methods and their findings

Weisel

2010

Chemico-Biological Interactions

182

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Benzene has been measured throughout the environment and is commonly emitted in several industrial and transportation settings leading to widespread environmental and occupational exposures. Inhalation is the most common exposure route but benzene rapidly penetrates the skin and can contaminant water and food resulting in dermal and ingestion exposures. While less toxic solvents have been substituted for benzene, it still is a component of petroleum products, including gasoline, and is a trace impurity in industrial products resulting in continued sub to low ppm occupational exposures, though higher exposures exist in small, uncontrolled workshops in developing countries. Emissions from gasoline/petrochemical industry are its main sources to the ambient air, but a person’s total inhalation exposure can be elevated from emissions from cigarettes, consumer products and gasoline powered engines/tools stored in garages attached to homes. Air samples are collected in canisters or on adsorbent with subsequent quantification by gas chromatography. Ambient air concentrations vary from sub-ppb range, low ppb, and tens of ppb in rural/suburban, urban, and source impacted areas, respectively. Short-term environmental exposures of ppm occur during vehicle fueling. Indoor air concentrations of tens of ppb occur in microenvironments containing indoor sources. Occupational and environmental exposures have declined where regulations limit benzene in gasoline (<1%) and cigarette smoking has been banned from public and work places. Similar controls should be implemented worldwide to reduce benzene exposure. Biomarkers of benzene used to estimate exposure and risk include: benzene in breath, blood and urine; its urinary metabolites: phenol, t,t-muconic acid (t,tMA) and S-phenylmercapturic acid (sPMA); and blood protein adducts. The biomarker studies suggest benzene environmental exposures are in the sub to low ppb range though non-benzene sources for urinary metabolites, differences in metabolic rates compared to occupational or animal doses, and the presence of polymorphisms need to be considered when evaluating risks from environmental exposures to individuals or potentially susceptible populations.

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Continuous, intermittent and passive sampling of airborne VOCs

Cited by 19 publications

References 32 publications

Particle concentrations and effectiveness of free-standing air filters in bedrooms of children with asthma in Detroit, Michigan

Particle concentrations and effectiveness of free-standing air filters in bedrooms of children with asthma in Detroit, Michigan

Variability of indoor and outdoor VOC measurements: An analysis using variance components

Benzene exposure: An overview of monitoring methods and their findings

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