Continuous hydrothermal synthesis of inorganic materials in a near-critical water flow reactor; the one-step synthesis of nano-particulate Ce1 − xZrxO2 (x = 0–1) solid solutions

Cabañas, Albertina; Darr, Jawwad A.; Lester, Edward; Poliakoff, Martyn

doi:10.1039/b008095k

Cited by 207 publications

(157 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Some authors [39,40] have observed similar results establishing that, as the Zr content of the solid solution increases, the lattice parameters decrease. This behaviour was confirmed by DFT theoretical studies carried out by Grau-Crespo et al [41], and related to the smaller ionic radii of the Zr 4+ cation with respect to Ce 4+ .…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 62%

Synergy between gold and oxygen vacancies in gold supported on Zr-doped ceria catalysts for the CO oxidation

Laguna

Pérez

Centeno

et al. 2015

Applied Catalysis B: Environmental

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 62%

Synergy between gold and oxygen vacancies in gold supported on Zr-doped ceria catalysts for the CO oxidation

Laguna

Pérez

Centeno

et al. 2015

Applied Catalysis B: Environmental

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“…A particularly attractive aspect is that the chemical reactions are usually performed in a single step, which somewhat simplifies the criteria for the reactor design [32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding bottom-up continuous hydrothermal synthesis of nanoparticles using empirical measurement and computational simulation

et al. 2016

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(2016) Understanding bottom-up continuous hydrothermal synthesis of nanoparticles using empirical measurement and computational simulation. Nano Research, 9 (11). pp. 3377-3387. ISSN 1998-0000 Access from the University of Nottingham repository: http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/41016/1/1215_proof.pdf Copyright and reuse:The Nottingham ePrints service makes this work by researchers of the University of Nottingham available open access under the following conditions. This article is made available under the University of Nottingham End User licence and may be reused according to the conditions of the licence. For more details see: http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/end_user_agreement.pdf A note on versions:The version presented here may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher's version. Please see the repository url above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. ABSTRACTContinuous hydrothermal synthesis was highlighted in a recent review as an enabling technology for the production of nanoparticles. In recent years, it has been shown to be a suitable reaction medium for the synthesis of a wide range of nanomaterials. Many single and complex nanomaterials such as metals, metal oxides, doped oxides, carbonates, sulfides, hydroxides, phosphates, and metal organic frameworks can be formed using continuous hydrothermal synthesis techniques. This work presents a methodology to characterize continuous hydrothermal flow systems both experimentally and numerically, and to determine the scalability of a counter current supercritical water reactor for the large scale production (>1,000 T•year -1 ) of nanomaterials. Experiments were performed using a purpose-built continuous flow rig, featuring an injection loop on a metal salt feed line, which allowed the injection of a chromophoric tracer. At the system outlet, the tracer was detected using UV/Vis absorption, which could be used to measure the residence time distribution within the reactor volume. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations were also conducted using a modeled geometry to represent the experimental apparatus. The performance of the CFD model was tested against experimental data, verifying that the CFD model accurately predicted the nucleation and growth of the nanomaterials inside the reactor.

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“…Conventional CHFS methods have been used previously by the authors and others for the synthesis of a range of nanoceramic oxides. Typically, up to 10 samples per day can reasonably be made (at a level of a few grams per sample) for more conventional CHFS (Adschiri et al 1992a,b;Darr & Poliakoff 1999;Cabanas et al 2000Cabanas et al , 2001Sue et al 2004;Hakuta et al 2005;Chaudhry et al 2006;Lester et al 2006;Norton et al 2006;Boldrin et al 2007;Weng et al 2007Weng et al , 2008Weng et al , 2009bChaudhry et al 2008;Lin et al 2009;Thompson et al 2009;Zhang et al 2009a,b). Recently, the authors described a new and more efficient manual CHFS route that allowed the synthesis of multiple nanoceramics compositions in a short time, called HiTCH (high-throughput continuous hydrothermal) flow synthesis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, more efficient methods of synthesis are highly desirable. In particular, batch syntheses and continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis (CHFS) methods (Cabanas et al 2000(Cabanas et al , 2001Weng et al 2009a) have been used to prepare fluorite-phase nanomaterials, with the latter route giving nanosized homogeneous ceria-zirconia solid solutions with unusual phase behaviour. Conventional CHFS methods have been used previously by the authors and others for the synthesis of a range of nanoceramic oxides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-throughput continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis of Zn–Ce oxides: unprecedented solubility of Zn in the nanoparticle fluorite lattice

Kellici

Gong

Lin

et al. 2010

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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High-throughput continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis has been used as a rapid and efficient synthetic route to produce a range of crystalline nanopowders in the CeZn oxide binary system. High-resolution powder X-ray diffraction data were obtained for both as-prepared and heat-treated (850• C for 10 h in air) samples using the new robotic beamline I11, located at Diamond Light Source. The influence of the sample composition on the crystal structure and on the optical and physical properties was studied. All the nanomaterials were characterized using Raman spectroscopy, UV-visible spectrophotometry, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area and elemental analysis (via energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy). Initially, for 'as-prepared' Ce 1−x Zn x O y , a phasepure cerium oxide (fluorite) structure was obtained for nominal values of x = 0.1 and 0.2. Biphasic mixtures were obtained for nominal values of x in the range of 0.3-0.9 (inclusive). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy images revealed that the phase-pure nano-CeO 2 (x = 0) consisted of ca 3.7 nm well-defined nanoparticles. The nanomaterials produced herein generally had high surface areas (greater than 150 m 2 g −1 ) and possessed combinations of particle properties (e.g. bandgap, crystallinity, size, etc.) that were unobtainable or difficult to achieve by other more conventional synthetic methods.

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Continuous hydrothermal synthesis of inorganic materials in a near-critical water flow reactor; the one-step synthesis of nano-particulate Ce1 − xZrxO2 (x = 0–1) solid solutions

Cited by 207 publications

References 29 publications

Synergy between gold and oxygen vacancies in gold supported on Zr-doped ceria catalysts for the CO oxidation

Synergy between gold and oxygen vacancies in gold supported on Zr-doped ceria catalysts for the CO oxidation

Understanding bottom-up continuous hydrothermal synthesis of nanoparticles using empirical measurement and computational simulation

High-throughput continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis of Zn–Ce oxides: unprecedented solubility of Zn in the nanoparticle fluorite lattice

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