Continuous Epidural Infusion of Morphine for Pain Relief After Cardiac Operations

The Rational Use of Intrathecal and Extradural Opioids

“…Alfentanil would probably be an even better choice, and has been shown to produce excellent analgesia after major abdominal surgery, although experience with its use is limited [47,48]. Despite its long duration of action, continuous infusions of morphine have been used to manage postoperative pain in doses varying from 100 to 400 ugh" 1 [58,72,73,111].…”

Thoracic epidural analgesia as an adjunct to general anaesthesia for cardiac surgery

“…A possible cause of the impaired lung function in the early postoperative phase is pain from the sternotomy. Recently, there has been an increased interest in the use of thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) during CABG and several investigators have found better pain‐relief with TEA than from intravenous analgesics (2, 3). However, TEA with local anaesthetics also affects the respiratory muscles (4), and the combined effects of the surgery and the TEA on pulmonary function are not clear.…”

Cryotherapy Relieves Pain and Edema After Inguinal Hernioplasty in Males With End-Stage Renal Disease: A Prospective Randomized Study

“…Effective pain management is important to relieve patient stress and help recovery, both physically and psychologically. 6…”