Continuous dengue type 1 virus genotype shifts followed by co-circulation, clade shifts and subsequent disappearance in Surabaya, Indonesia, 2008–2013

Detection and Serotyping of Dengue Viruses in <i>Aedes aegypti</i> and <i>Aedes albopictus</i> (Diptera: Culicidae) Collected in Surabaya, Indonesia from 2008 to 2015

“…In 2015, DENV-1 was dominant again, despite the detection of all the 4 DENV serotypes, indicating another serotype shift. We have previously reported the sequential changes in the predominant DENV serotype isolated from the dengue patient sera in this area; i.e., from DENV-2 to DENV-1 in November 2008, and from DENV-1 to DENV-2 in July 2013 (8,9). Taken together, the predominant DENV serotypes detected in the mosquitoes were generally consistent with those detected in human sera.…”

“…Surabaya is the second largest city of Indonesia. Previous studies on the isolation of DENVs from human sera indicated that serotype shifts from DENV-2 to DENV-1 occurred in 2008, followed by the replacement from DENV-1 to DENV-2 in 2013 in Surabaya (8,9). However, epidemiological surveys of DENV, particularly, the detection of DENVs in Aedes mosquitoes, are limited in Indonesia.…”

Serologic and Virologic Studies of an Imported Dengue Case Occurring in 2014 in Okinawa, Japan

“…Two genotypes of DENV-1, I and IV, have been circulating in Surabaya, Indonesia, since 2008 (22) and Java, Indonesia, since 2012 (23). The isolate in this study belonging to genotype I of DENV-1 was closely related to the Indonesian strains, which coincides with the destination of the patient's recent trip.…”

Dengue Virus Type 1 Strain Isolated in Indonesia Shows a Close Phylogenetic Relation with the Strains That Caused the Autochthonous Dengue Outbreak in Japan in 2014

“…This result suggested that the origin of these strains is linked to Indonesia in 2010. In that year, Indonesia experienced the highest epidemic peak of DHF in the last 45 years, and DENV-1 genotype I was identified as the circulating and predominant strain in some cities in Indonesia in 2010 and subsequent years (15,(17)(18)(19). Taken together, we can hypothesize that the ancestor of the Japanese out-break strain was located in Indonesia around 2010 and may have spread to neighboring countries including Singapore and Malaysia because of the major epidemic of dengue in Indonesia.…”

“…Of these, 2 strains were randomly selected for a nearly full-genome analysis (16) and again showed identical nucleotide sequences. Thus, D1/BO15/14 (GenBank accession number: KT831765) was selected as a representative strain and subjected to a phylogenetic analysis, as described previously (17). Briefly, a preliminary neighbor-joining tree was constructed using all DENV-1 sequences deposited in GenBank (as of June 12, 2015; data not shown).…”