Continuous broadband digital interferometry of lightning using a generalized cross-correlation algorithm

Stock, Michael; Akita, Manabu; Krehbiel, P. R.; Rison, W.; Edens, H. E.; Kawasaki, Zen‐Ichiro

doi:10.1002/2013jd020217

Cited by 155 publications

(247 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The location of lightning radiation sources in two dimensions (elevation and azimuth) can be determined by using independent non‐collinear baselines in an orthogonal antenna array, as shown in Figure . The technique here is fundamentally the same with the interferometer developed by other research groups [ Ushio et al ., ; Kawasaki et al ., ; Stock et al ., ].…”

Section: Instrument and Observationsmentioning

confidence: 85%

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Characteristics of a rocket‐triggered lightning flash with large stroke number and the associated leader propagation

et al. 2014

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A negative lightning flash with 16 leader-return stroke sequences, triggered in the summer of 2013 using the classical rocket-and-wire triggering technique, was examined with simultaneous two-dimensional (2D) imaging of very high-frequency (VHF) radiation sources, channel-base current measurement, broadband electric field waveforms and high-speed video images. A total of 28.0 C negative charge was transferred to ground during the whole flash, and the charge transferred during the initial stage was 4.9 C, which is the weakest among the triggered lightning flashes at the SHandong Artificially Triggering Lightning Experiment (SHATLE). The peak current of 16 return strokes ranged from 5.8 to 32.5 kA with a geometric mean of 14.1 kA. The progression of upward positive leader and downward negative (dart or dart-stepped) leaders was reproduced visually by using an improved short-baseline VHF lightning location system with continuous data recording capability. The upward positive leader was mapped immediately from the tip of the metal wire during the initial stage, developing at a speed of about 10 4 m/s without branches. The upward positive leader and all the 14 negative leaders captured by the 2D imaging system propagated along the same channel with few branches inside the cloud, which might be the reason for the relatively small charge transfer. The 2D imaging results also show that dart leaders may transform into dart-stepped leaders after a long time interval between successive strokes.

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Section: Instrument and Observationsmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Similar data recording mode has been used recently by Stock et al . [] with 180 MS/s in the frequency range of 20–80 MHz.…”

Section: Instrument and Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of a rocket‐triggered lightning flash with large stroke number and the associated leader propagation

et al. 2014

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“…The signals from each antenna were bandpass filtered to 25-90 MHz and recorded with 16 bit resolution at a sampling rate of 200 MHz continuously for 2 s. The recorded time series waveforms were postprocessed utilizing generalized cross-correlation time delay algorithm [Sun et al, 2013[Sun et al, , 2014Stock et al, 2014], applied to sequences of overlapping data segments from the time series waveforms. It consisted of three broadband VHF discone antennas placed at the vertices of an equilateral triangle 20 m on each side.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observations of the initial stage of a rocket‐and‐wire‐triggered lightning discharge

Zhang

Krehbiel

et al. 2017

Geophysical Research Letters

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Observations have been obtained of the initial stage of a rocket‐and‐wire‐triggered lightning flash with a high‐resolution broadband VHF interferometer. The discharge produced 54 precursor current pulses (PCPs) over 883 ms during the rocket's ascent. The interferometer observations show that the PCPs were produced by breakdown at the ascending tip of the rocket, and that individual PCPs were produced by weak upward positive breakdown over meters‐scale distances, followed by more energetic, fast downward negative breakdown over several tens of meters distance. The average propagation speeds were ~5 × 106 m s−1 and ~3 × 107 m s−1, respectively. The sustained upward positive leader (UPL) was initiated by a rapid, repetitive burst of 14 precursor pulses. Upon initiation, the VHF radiation abruptly became continuous with time. Significantly, breakdown during the UPL appeared to extend the discharge in a similar manner to that of the precursor pulses.

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“…Based on all these reasons, we think the BB discharges should not be simply called recoil leaders. Recent development of lightning mapping technologies has made the mapping of positive leaders possible (Akita et al2014;Stock et al 2014). However we should note that in the case of a positive leader which propagates in continuous mode, what were mapped may be just the locations of the BB discharges.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of the brief but bright discharges that often occur along the trails of positive leaders

Takamatsu

Takagi

Wang

2015

JAE

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Abstract. Characteristics of 273 brief but bright (BB) discharges in 14 upward positive leaders and 75 BB discharges in a downward positive leader documented using a high speed video camera have been studied. On the basis of the two-dimensional (2D) shapes obtained from the high-speed video images, the BB discharges can be grouped into five types. Most of the BB discharges appeared only in one frame of our high speed video, indicating that most of them progress very fast. For those slow progressing BB discharges, some of them are identified progressing at two sides and some only at one side, and their speeds are at the order of 10 6 m/s, similar to that of a typical negative dart-stepped leader. No apparent differences have been found between the BB discharges in upward lightning and in downward lightning. For 3 of the 14 upward lightning flashes, we have recorded their channel base current and electric field changes. We have detected the simultaneous current and electric field change for only 1 BB discharge among 32 discharges contained in the 3 upward lightning flashes. We argue that the BB discharges should not be simply called recoil leaders (RLs).

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Continuous broadband digital interferometry of lightning using a generalized cross-correlation algorithm

Cited by 155 publications

References 33 publications

Characteristics of a rocket‐triggered lightning flash with large stroke number and the associated leader propagation

Characteristics of a rocket‐triggered lightning flash with large stroke number and the associated leader propagation

Observations of the initial stage of a rocket‐and‐wire‐triggered lightning discharge

Characteristics of the brief but bright discharges that often occur along the trails of positive leaders

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