Continuity and Indeterminacy in Hawthorne’s Unfinished Romances

[Retracted] Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Landscape Writing and His Environment Concerns

“…Through the description of the landscape environment, he metaphorized the social ecology and spiritual ecology under the rule of religion [ 12 ]. Hawthorne's writing of social ecology examines the ever-changing interaction between all aspects of our society and how each one plays a crucial role in maintaining the system healthy and stable, which is a contemporary issue in religion, conservation, and academics that recognizes that all conservation, environmentalism, and earth stewardship concerns have a spiritual component [ 13 ]. In this way, Hawthorne links the religious characters to the environment of colonial America in both symbolic and effective way: all those characters in The Scarlet Letter both affect and under the effect of the environment, which forms a coherent system in this novel [ 14 ].…”

“…The majority of us may find it easier to avoid investigating the darker elements of ourselves and our surroundings—the pain we see all around us, from real-world events to the entertainment we consume. This idea continues to appear in Hawthorne's works until the end of his career and appears in his unfinished romances [ 13 ]. To make people understand their inner evil, many issues need to be took into consideration, including the shortages of American puritanism, the inner poverty of human nature, and the unlimited development of human society.…”