Continuities and Discontinuities in Conceptual Behavior in a Card Sorting Problem

Grant, David A.; Cost, J.R.

doi:10.1080/00221309.1954.9710121

Cited by 30 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Importantly, while our findings suggest that the number of pre-switch trials influences performance, we do not know if this is represents a linear effect given the limited variability in number of pre-switch trials in the extant studies, with the vast majority of studies administering 5 or 6 pre-switch trials. The CCC-r theory, for example, predicts that beyond a moderate number of pre-switch trials, additional trials could result in improved performance, as seen on the A-not-B task in both infants and toddlers (Marcovitch & Zelazo, 2009) and in adults in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST; Grant & Berg, 1948; Grant & Cost, 1954), by providing opportunities for reflection on the task structure, including noticing the other relevant dimensions. Future research can examine the nature of this finding.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A meta-analysis of the Dimensional Change Card Sort: Implications for developmental theories and the measurement of executive function in children

Doebel

Zelazo

2015

Developmental Review

136

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The Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) is a widely used measure of executive function in children. In the standard version, children are shown cards depicting objects that vary on two dimensions (e.g., colored shapes such as red rabbits and blue boats), and are told to sort them first by one set of rules (e.g., shape) and then by another (e.g., color). Most 3-year-olds persist in sorting by the pre-switch rules, whereas 5-year-olds switch flexibly. We conducted a meta-analysis of standard and experimental versions of the task (N = 69 reports, 426 conditions) to examine the influence of diverse task variations on performance. Age, how the test stimuli were labeled for the child, emphasis on conflict in the verbal introduction of the post-switch rules, and the number of pre-switch trials each independently predicted switching on the standard DCCS, whereas pre-switch feedback, practice, and task modality did not. Increasing the relative salience of the post-switch dimension was associated with higher rates of switching, and, conversely, decreasing post-switch salience was associated with lower rates of switching, and under both kinds of manipulation performance continued to be associated with age. Spatially separating the dimensional values was associated with higher rates of switching, and it was confirmed that the degree of spatial separation matters, with children benefiting most when the dimensional values are fully spatially segregated. Switch rates tended to be higher in versions on which children were prompted to label the stimuli compared to when the experimenter provided labels, and lower when reversal instructions were used in conjunction with the standard task stimuli. Theoretical and practical implications for the study and measurement of executive function in early childhood are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A meta-analysis of the Dimensional Change Card Sort: Implications for developmental theories and the measurement of executive function in children

Doebel

Zelazo

2015

Developmental Review

136

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“…1. The mean ages of psychopaths (29.11 _+ 7.75) and normal controls (29.00 _+ 4.95) did not (Grant and Cost, 1954;Milner, 1963), data were subjected to a transformation (Y = x/X + 0.5) to reduce skewness. This transformation was also used to manage data generated by circle drawing and maze tracing tasks.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of cognitive control in psychopathic and normal prisoners

Sutker

Moan²,

Allain

1983

Journal of Behavioral Assessment

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It has been suggested that psychopaths exhibit specific deficits in cognitive processes associated with frontal lobe functioning. There is also evidence which indicates that level of intelligence may influence expression of impulse control among psychopaths. The present study investigated these hypotheses by comparing groups of 44 psychopaths and 14 normal controls selected from a sample o f incarcerated male felons using Minnesota Multiphasic Personafity Inventory (MMPI)-defined criteria. Dependent variables included several measures of cognitive flexibility, perseveration, and impulsiveness. Compared to normal controls, psychopaths showed no greater tendencies to persist in incorrect responding, disregard cues suggesting the need to modify behaviors, or proceed impulsively in problem solving. Level of intelligence was found to be a moderator variable influencing performance for psychopaths and normal controls. Results suggest that deficits in cognitive functioning are not necessarily characteristic of psychopaths across situations.

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“…Post-hoc statistical comparisons were also carried out, using either the Student-Newman-Keuls procedure or simple planned contrasts. The scores from the WCST were transformed as described by Winer (1962) and recommended by Grant and Cost (1954), using the x'= (x +%)( transformation to obtain a more normal distribution of scores before analysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In considering these reports, however, two points must be raised. First, statistical analyses of WCST should be based as they were here on transformation of the raw data, which consist of frequency counts of errors and categories, and tend to be skewed (Grant and Cost 1954). Second, many reports used a modified version of the test, described by Nelson (1976), in an attempt to simplify it for patients and examiners.…”

Section: N=30 N = Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive deficits associated with frontal‐lobe infarction in children with sickle cell disease

Hewes

Connelly

et al. 1998

Develop Med Child Neuro

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Continuities and Discontinuities in Conceptual Behavior in a Card Sorting Problem

Cited by 30 publications

References 11 publications

A meta-analysis of the Dimensional Change Card Sort: Implications for developmental theories and the measurement of executive function in children

A meta-analysis of the Dimensional Change Card Sort: Implications for developmental theories and the measurement of executive function in children

Assessment of cognitive control in psychopathic and normal prisoners

Cognitive deficits associated with frontal‐lobe infarction in children with sickle cell disease

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