Continuing Issues of Contamination by Organotins in the Marine Environment After Domestic and International Legislation

Aging and retinoid X receptor agonists on masculinization of female Pomacea canaliculata, with a critical appraisal of imposex evaluation in the Ampullariidae

“…In adult female Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck 1822, Ampullariidae), these structures may sometimes develop as a minute but complete CApp, including a coiled penis within a pouch, a muscular penile bulb and a penile sheath (with a penile sheath groove, a 'T-sulcus', and both distal and medial glands) (Gamarra-Luques et al, 2013). Both TBT and TPT have been widely used as biocides (Horiguchi, 2016) and they still are (Takao, 2017), in spite of national and international banns (e.g., IMO, 2000;PNA, 1998). The main use of TBT is as a component of antifouling boat paints, while TPT is mainly used in agriculture (Greene, 2013;WHO, 1999) and both organotins have also been used against P. canaliculata in rice fields (Cheng and Kao, 2006).…”