Contextualizing images in dreams and daydreams.

Hartmann, Ernest; Kunzendorf, Robert G.; Rosen, Rachel; Grace, Nancy Gazells

doi:10.1023/a:1009488705828

Cited by 51 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…In the trauma group, experiences such as witnessing killing and military confrontation or losing family members was not associated with anxiety symptoms if children's dreams were intense and involved a low level of negative valence. These results concur with Hartmann and his colleagues (Hartmann, Kunzendorf et al, 2001) who argue that the intensity of the emotional image depicts the active process of resolving a troubling situation. Research on emotion regulation similarly maintains that cognitive reappraisal, rather than the suppression of emotions, has a beneficial role in maintaining mental health (John & Gross, 2004).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

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Contextualized emotional images in children's dreams: Psychological adjustment in conditions of military trauma

Helminen

Punamäki

2008

International Journal of Behavioral Development

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This study examines the impact of military trauma on contextualized emotional images in children's dreams, and the function of the intensity and valence of the emotional images in protecting mental health from negative trauma impact. Participants were 345 Palestinian children and adolescents (aged 5—16 years) belonging to high trauma (Gaza) and non-trauma (Galilee) groups. They reported nocturnal dreams using a seven-night dream diary. The results show, as hypothesized, that the dreams of children exposed to severe military trauma incorporated more intense and more negative emotional images. High intensity and low negative, and high positive emotional images in dreams may protect children's mental health. Children in the trauma group showed relatively fewer post-traumatic symptoms if their dreams incorporated intensive and positive emotional images. Similarly, personal exposure to military trauma was not associated with anxiety and aggressiveness among children whose dreams had low negative valence, or with lower anxiety when dreams had intensive emotional images. The emotional qualities of dreams are discussed as possible indicators of children processing their traumatic experiences.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The dreams' characteristics were analysed using Hartmann and associates' scoring system of contextualized emotional images in dreams (Hartmann, Kunzendorf, Rosen, & Grace, 2001). This scoring system is designed to analyse the imagelike quality of dreams.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contextualized emotional images in children's dreams: Psychological adjustment in conditions of military trauma

Helminen

Punamäki

2008

International Journal of Behavioral Development

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“…We thank an anonymous reviewer for noting that this finding is similar to Hartmann's work on the Central Image, or Contextualizing Image in dreams, in which it is the quality or aptness of the text that refers to waking life that is important, rather than necessarily the quantity of text (Hartmann et al, 2001a,b; Hartmann and Kunzendorf, 2005-2006). …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Dreaming and insight

et al. 2013

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This paper addresses claims that dreams can be a source of personal insight. Whereas there has been anecdotal backing for such claims, there is now tangential support from findings of the facilitative effect of sleep on cognitive insight, and of REM sleep in particular on emotional memory consolidation. Furthermore, the presence in dreams of metaphorical representations of waking life indicates the possibility of novel insight as an emergent feature of such metaphorical mappings. In order to assess whether personal insight can occur as a result of the consideration of dream content, 11 dream group discussion sessions were conducted which followed the Ullman Dream Appreciation technique, one session for each of 11 participants (10 females, 1 male; mean age = 19.2 years). Self-ratings of deepened self-perception and personal gains from participation in the group sessions showed that the Ullman technique is an effective procedure for establishing connections between dream content and recent waking life experiences, although wake life sources were found for only 14% of dream report text. The mean Exploration-Insight score on the Gains from Dream Interpretation questionnaire was very high and comparable to outcomes from the well-established Hill (1996) therapist-led dream interpretation method. This score was associated between-subjects with pre-group positive Attitude Toward Dreams (ATD). The need to distinguish “aha” experiences as a result of discovering a waking life source for part of a dream, from “aha” experiences of personal insight as a result of considering dream content, is discussed. Difficulties are described in designing a control condition to which the dream report condition can be compared.

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“…Our group has previously studied contextualizing images (CIs) in both dreams and daydreams, and has obtained data showing that CIs are more frequent and powerful in dreams than in daydreams [11]. In that study, we collected material on "dreams that stand out in memory" as well as "most recent dreams," and we asked for a "daydream that stands out" in addition to the most recent daydream.…”

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confidence: 99%

Emotion Makes Daydreams More Dreamlike, More Symbolic

Hartmann

Kunzendorf

Baddour

et al. 2003

Imagination, Cognition and Personality

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Two experiments investigating the effect of emotion on daydreaming were conducted. In Experiment 1, 44 subjects described a recent daydream and a memorable daydream, a laboratory-generated daydream without concurrent emotion and a laboratory-generated daydream with intensified emotion, plus a recent dream and a memorable dream. Two judges independently rated the dreamlikeness of each description on a blind basis. The daydreams generated during intensified emotion were judged to be significantly more dreamlike than all the other daydreams averaged together. The dreamlikeness scores for the daydreams generated during intensified emotion were almost identical to the drearnlikeness scores for the most recent dreams. In Experiment 2, 62 subjects described a topic-specific dream from memory, a topic-specific daydream from memory, a topic-specific daydream generated without concurrent emotion, a topic-specific daydream generated during intensified 257 Ó 2003, Baywood Publishing Co., Inc. emotion, a topic-specific daydream generated after emotion-related thinking, a topic-specific daydream generated under hypnosis, and a topic-specific daydream generated during hypnotically intensified emotion. Two judges independently rated each description on a bizarreness scale and a symbolic-value scale (ranging from "definitely only one level of meaning" to "definitely more than one level of meaning"). The topic-specific daydreams generated during intensified emotion, averaged across wakeful and hypnotic conditions, were judged to be as symbolic as the topic-specific dreams, and more symbolic than the other daydreams averaged together. This suggests that, when daydreams occur in the presence of an emotion, they picture or contextualize the emotion and appear more dreamlike, more symbolic.

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Contextualizing images in dreams and daydreams.

Cited by 51 publications

References 13 publications

Contextualized emotional images in children's dreams: Psychological adjustment in conditions of military trauma

Contextualized emotional images in children's dreams: Psychological adjustment in conditions of military trauma

Dreaming and insight

Emotion Makes Daydreams More Dreamlike, More Symbolic

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