Contextual fear conditioning regulates synapse-related gene transcription in mouse microglia

N-Acetylcysteine Suppresses Microglial Inflammation and Induces Mortality Dose-Dependently via Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Signaling

“…FS3 resulted in the retention of fear memory, whereas FS30 facilitated the extinction of fear memory. To validate the effect of NAC on the retention or extinction of fear memory, the percentage of time mice exhibited freezing behavior 24 h after a re-exposure session was measured [ 21 , 34 ]. The percentage of time the mice exhibited freezing behavior during a 5 min exposure (freezing time) was calculated as an indicator of the behavioral outcome of fear memory.…”

“…Mice were sacrificed by decapitation, and brains were prepared as a single-cell suspension using a neural tissue dissociation kit (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany, 130-093-231) and the gentleMACS™ Dissociator (Miltenyi Biotec, 130-093-235) [ 21 , 34 ]. CD11b-positive microglia were isolated using CD11b-labeled MicroBeads (Miltenyi Biotec, 130-093-634) and the autoMACS ® Pro Separator Starter Kit (Miltenyi Biotec, 130-092-545).…”

“…It reduces LPS- and plasminogen-induced microglial TNF-α and IL-1β production [ 31 , 32 ]. As demonstrated by several animal and clinical studies, TNF-α leads to neuronal damage and is associated with several psychiatric disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, autism spectrum disorder, MDD, schizophrenia, and posttraumatic stress disorder [ 21 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ]. TNF-α may contribute to the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders via hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis activation, which leads to the immunologically mediated neurotoxic release of glutamate [ 37 ].…”

The defects of the hippocampal ripples and theta rhythm in depression, and the effects of physical exercise on their amelioration

“…In relation to the defect of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in depression, neuroinflammation accompanied with the activation of microglia is well described before [ 63 ], however, the pathophysiology of its occurrence is not well understood. The possible explanation how hippocampal microglia is activated might be attributed to the aberrant septal innervation to the hippocampus, in which GABAergic inhibitory input, linked to hippocampal theta rhythm is impaired, altered the gene expression profiles of microglia [ 64 ]. The present data demonstrated the microglial histological transition of morphology from ramified to ameboid in depression, and exercise reversed it.…”

Microarray dataset of gene transcription in mouse microglia and peripheral monocytes in contextual fear conditioning

“…1 ). Both FS0 and FS3 result in retention of fear memory, whereas FS30 facilitates extinction of fear memory [ 1 , 2 ]. Control mice were trained without receiving footshocks and re-exposed to the context for 3 min (Con3) or 30 min (Con30) ( Fig.…”