Contextual fear conditioning, conjunctive representations, pattern completion, and the hippocampus.

Rudy, Jerry W.; O’Reilly, Randall C.

doi:10.1037/0735-7044.113.5.867

Cited by 250 publications

(287 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…These facts coupled with our finding that IEG expression after context exposure did not differ from that produced by context plus shock suggest that the context exposure itself is the primary driver of IEG expression in the hippocampus. This conclusion is consistent with several theories that assume that the hippocampus contributes to contextual fear conditioning primarily by constructing a representation of the context in which shock occurs (Rudy and O'Reilly, 1999;Fanselow, 2000;Maren, 2001;.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Amygdala Regulation of Immediate-Early Gene Expression in the Hippocampus Induced by Contextual Fear Conditioning

et al. 2006

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The basolateral nuclei of the amygdala (BLA) are thought to modulate memory storage in other brain regions (McGaugh, 2004). We reported that BLA modulates the memory for both an explored context and for contextual fear conditioning. Both of these memories depend on the hippocampus. Here, we examined the hypothesis that the BLA exerts its modulatory effect by regulating the expression of immediate-early genes (IEGs) in the hippocampus. The main findings of these experiments were: (1) Arc activity-regulated cytoskeletal protein (Arc), an immediate-early gene (also termed Arg 3.1) and c-fos mRNA are induced in the hippocampus after a context exposure, or context plus shock experience, but not after an immediate shock; and (2) BLA inactivation with muscimol attenuated the increase in Arc and c-fos mRNA in the hippocampus associated with contextual fear conditioning but did not influence Arc mRNA associated with context exploration. These results support the hypothesis that the amygdala modulates contextual fear memory by regulating expression of IEGs in the hippocampus.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Amygdala Regulation of Immediate-Early Gene Expression in the Hippocampus Induced by Contextual Fear Conditioning

et al. 2006

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“…The finding that the hippocampus plays a role in retrievalmediated learning involving integrated memories for episodes (i.e., when and where something happened), but not the components of such memories (i.e., when or where something happened), is consistent with the view that this structure is involved in specific aspects of memory retrieval, more formally referred to as pattern completion (Rudy and O'Reilly, 1999). In both types of behavioral task, the presentation of an auditory cue provided the basis for a given training memory to be retrieved and linked to an aversive outcome.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Retrieval-Mediated Learning Involving Episodes Requires Synaptic Plasticity in the Hippocampus

Iordanova¹,

Good²,

Honey³

2011

J. Neurosci.

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A novel association can form between two memories even when the events to which they correspond are not physically present. For example, once an integrated memory has formed that binds the (when, where, and what) components of an event together, this memory can be triggered by one of its components, and updated with coincident information in the environment. The neural basis of this form of retrieval-mediated learning is unknown. Here, we show, for the first time, that NMDA receptors in the rat hippocampus are required for retrieval-mediated learning involving episodes, but not for the expression of such learning or for retrieval-mediated learning involving simple associations between the components of episodes. These findings provide a novel insight into learning processes that serve the desirable function of integrating stored information with new information, but whose operation might also provide a substrate for some of the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease.

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“…The context pre-exposure facilitation effect clearly reveals that rats acquire a rich representation of an explored context. The literature surrounding this finding makes an important theoretical point (Rudy and O'Reilly 1999;Rudy et al 2002;Matus-Amat et al 2004). It confirms an implication of the Figure 5.…”

Section: Context Pre-exposure Facilitation Effectsupporting

confidence: 76%

Context representations, context functions, and the parahippocampal–hippocampal system

Rudy¹

2009

Learn. Mem.

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Psychologists and neurobiologists have a long-standing interest in understanding how the context surrounding the events of our lives is represented and how it influences our behavior. The hippocampal formation emerged very early as a major contributor to how context is represented and functions. There is a large literature examining its contribution that on the surface reveals an array of conflicting outcomes and controversy. This review reveals that these conflicts can be resolved by building Nadel and Willner's dual-process theory of context representations. Two general conclusions emerge: (1) There are two neural systems that can support context representations and functions-a neocortical system composed primarily of perirhinal and postrhinal cortices and a hippocampal system that includes perirhinal, postrhinal, entorhinal cortices, and the hippocampal formation. (2) These two systems are not equivalent-some context representations and functions are uniquely supported by the hippocampal system. These conclusions are discussed in the context of canonical ideas about the special properties of the hippocampal system that enable it to make unique contributions to memory.Everything we experience happens somewhere. The term ''context'' is often used to denote this ''somewhere.'' In the analysis of learning and memory, the context is like the setting for a stage play (Medin and Reynolds 1985). It provides the background for the real action in the drama-the main events. More importantly, as a consequence of learning and memory processes, the context often helps to select appropriate behaviors and determine the explicit and implicit content of our thoughts. Thus, it is not surprising that psychologists have a long-standing empirical and theoretical interest in understanding just what makes up a representation of context and how context representations interact with the main events of our lives to influence our behavior (see Balsam and Tomie 1985).More recently, neurobiologists have increased their interest in the problem of linking context representations and functions to brain systems. The hippocampal formation emerged quite early as a major focal point among many researchers. As a result, there is a substantial literature linking the hippocampal formation and context. However, on the surface, this research yields a dismaying set of conflicting results, with many findings that the hippocampal formation plays a critical role in supporting the influence of context on memory and behavior and many other findings that it does not.The goal of this article is to bring some clarity and order to this state of affairs. I start by providing a working definition of ''context'' that implicitly underpins its experimental analysis. I then describe several different functions of context that have been studied in the laboratory and are assumed to be theoretically important. I then introduce and build on a dual-process theory of context representations that was put forth several years ago by Lynn Nadel, Jeffrey Willner, and colleague...

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Contextual fear conditioning, conjunctive representations, pattern completion, and the hippocampus.

Cited by 250 publications

References 51 publications

Amygdala Regulation of Immediate-Early Gene Expression in the Hippocampus Induced by Contextual Fear Conditioning

Amygdala Regulation of Immediate-Early Gene Expression in the Hippocampus Induced by Contextual Fear Conditioning

Retrieval-Mediated Learning Involving Episodes Requires Synaptic Plasticity in the Hippocampus

Context representations, context functions, and the parahippocampal–hippocampal system

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