Contextual effects on smile perception and recognition memory

Krumhuber, Eva; Hyniewska, Sylwia; Orlowska, Anna

doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01910-5

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 68 publications

(85 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Also, smiles were misremembered as having more of the physical attributes (i.e., Duchenne marker) associated with spontaneous enjoyment when they appeared in the happy than polite context condition. Together, these findings indicate that social context information is routinely encoded during emotion perception, thereby shaping the interpretation and recognition memory of facial expressions" [43].…”

Section: Arguments For Naturalistic Researchmentioning

confidence: 91%

Non-verbal signs of personality: Communicative meanings of facial expressions

Sharkov

Silkin²,

Kireeva³

2022

Vestnik Rossijskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. Serija Sociol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstact. There is a lot of evidence that most people are capable of recognizing emotions by facial expressions. What information does a facial expression usually provide? Can emotions be shown without facial expressions? Can there be facial expressions without a corresponding emotional state? Are there individual facial expressions? The studies of various aspects of non-verbal communication show both similarities and differences in non-verbal behavior. It is argued that similarities are most evident at the individual level, when the focus is on the objective, formal features of behavior, while differences are more likely to be found when the analysis focuses on the relationship between individuals and interpersonal meanings of behavior. Despite the rapid expansion of research on non-verbal communication, most of it describes simple differences in the display of non-verbal signals. Although they differ in almost every other respect, most facial measurement methods focus on what is seen, on what the researcher can identify when seeing some facial movements. Most of the research methods applied are not sufficient for the study of this complex, multidimensional issue. Like all basic studies of communicative processes, proxemics is more about how than why, and more about structure than content. The article focuses on the question whether non-verbal behavior reflects cultural similarities or differences, and whether different levels of analysis allow to observe both cultural homogeneity and diversity inherent in most acts of non-verbal behavior. The authors consider the data of laboratory experiments on the relationship between emotions and adults’ facial expressions: some studies confirm the high consistency between fun and smiling, and from the low to moderate consistency between other positive emotions and smiling. The available evidence on surprise and disgust suggests that these emotions are accompanied by their ‘traditional’ facial expressions or even some components of such expressions only in a minority of cases. The American anthropologist, one of the founders of kinesics, Birdwhistell introduced this term for the complex study of facial expressions, poses, gait, and visible movements of arms and body. Birdwhistell argues that body language is determined by cultural environment rather than universal genetic programs. Birdwhistell defines kinesics as “the study of body-motion as related to the nonverbal aspects of interpersonal communication”. He argues that communication with body motion is systemic, socially learned and communicative unless proven otherwise. The article considers in detail the works and theories of Birdwhistell who often had to admit that some of his ideas were controversial. The authors conclude that Birdwhistell’s works have serious mistakes, and other researchers failed to develop his theory of kinesics. Thus, the authors consider the research in this field focusing on the so-called recognition of the communicative meanings of facial expressions.

show abstract

Section: Arguments For Naturalistic Researchmentioning

confidence: 91%

Non-verbal signs of personality: Communicative meanings of facial expressions

Sharkov

Silkin²,

Kireeva³

2022

Vestnik Rossijskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. Serija Sociol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Hence, contextual information is likely to influence the interpretation of a smile more than other expressions (Ekman et al, 1982;Wallbott, 1988). Whilst extant research has shown that context does affect smile evaluations, this work has generally focused on ratings of emotion, genuineness, or authenticity (Gagnon et al, 2022;Krumhuber, Hyniewska, et al, 2023;Mui et al, 2020;Namba et al, 2020). For example, Namba et al (2020) found that "happy" visual background contexts and vignettes both led to increased ratings of smile genuineness relative to when the same expressions were presented in isolation, whereas "polite" backgrounds and vignettes reduced genuineness ratings.…”

Section: The Bidirectional Relationship Between Smiles and Situationa...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, Namba et al (2020) found that "happy" visual background contexts and vignettes both led to increased ratings of smile genuineness relative to when the same expressions were presented in isolation, whereas "polite" backgrounds and vignettes reduced genuineness ratings. Likewise, verbal descriptions of eliciting situations strongly affected evaluations of dynamic (Mui et al, 2020) and static smiles in the sense that smiles viewed in happy contexts were misremembered as having more distinctive cheek raising (Krumhuber, Hyniewska, et al, 2023) traditionally implicated as a marker of smile genuineness (Ekman, 1992;Ekman et al, 1990;Frank & Ekman, 1993). Such effects may be especially amplified when mimicry is blocked (Maringer et al, 2011;Orlowska et al, 2020Orlowska et al, , 2021.…”

Section: The Bidirectional Relationship Between Smiles and Situationa...mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The Bidirectional Relationship between Smiles and Situational Contexts

Day

Krumhuber²,

Shore³

2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Smiles provide information about a social partner’s affect and intentions during social interaction. Although always encountered within a specific situation, the influence of contextual information upon smile evaluation has not been widely investigated. Moreover, little is known about the reciprocal effect of smiles on evaluations of their accompanying situations. In this research, we assessed how different smile types and situational contexts affected participants’ social evaluations. In Study 1, 85 participants rated reward, affiliation, and dominance smiles embedded within either enjoyable, polite, or negative situations. Context had a strong effect on smile ratings, such that smiles in enjoyable contexts were rated as more genuine and joyful, as well as indicating less superiority than those in negative contexts. In Study 2, 200 participants evaluated the contexts that these smiles were perceived within (rather than the smiles themselves). Although situations paired with reward (vs. affiliation) smiles tended to be rated more positively, this effect was absent for negative situations. Ultimately, the findings point toward the bidirectional relationship between smiles and contexts, which comprises both the facial appearance and the nature of the situation.

show abstract

“…That is, people assume that DSs uniquely reflect genuine positive affect. They also hold a priori beliefs regarding the likely occurrence of authentic smiles (Maringer et al, 2011), and misremember non-Duchenne smiles (NDSs) as more Duchenne-like in appearance when previously viewed in a genuine happy situation (Krumhuber et al, 2021). Hence, there are culturally shared beliefs about the smile and specifically the DS as indicators of positive affect, but this expressive stereotype is not indicative of the actual co-occurrence between affect and expression.…”

Section: Perception: What Dss Actually Conveymentioning

confidence: 99%

More What Duchenne Smiles Do, Less What They Express

Krumhuber

Kappas

2022

Perspect Psychol Sci

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We comment on an article by Sheldon et al. from a previous issue of Perspectives (May 2021). They argued that the presence of positive emotion (Hypothesis 1), the intensity of positive emotion (Hypothesis 2), and chronic positive mood (Hypothesis 3) are reliably signaled by the Duchenne smile (DS). We reexamined the cited literature in support of each hypothesis and show that the study findings were mostly inconclusive, irrelevant, incomplete, and/or misread. In fact, there is no single (empirical) article that would unanimously support the idea that DSs function solely as indicators of felt positive affect. Additional evidence is reviewed, suggesting that DSs can be—and often are—displayed deliberately and in the absence of positive feelings. Although DSs may lead to favorable interpersonal perceptions and positive emotional responses in the observer, we propose a functional view that focuses on what facial actions—here specifically DSs—do rather than what they express.

show abstract

Contextual effects on smile perception and recognition memory

Cited by 7 publications

References 68 publications

Non-verbal signs of personality: Communicative meanings of facial expressions

Non-verbal signs of personality: Communicative meanings of facial expressions

The Bidirectional Relationship between Smiles and Situational Contexts

More What Duchenne Smiles Do, Less What They Express

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About