Contextual control of pavlovian feature-positive and feature-negative discriminations

Nakajima, Sadahiko

doi:10.3758/bf03199954

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Given that memory retrieval is sensitive to changes in contextual cues [18, 19], including those provided by deprivation states [20], impaired performance by all rats at the outset of testing may have involved a change in contextual cues based on the shift from food deprivation at the end of training to ad libitum feeding during testing. Furthermore, some data suggest that contextual specificity of memory retrieval may depend on the nature or complexity of the discrimination problem [21, 22]. This may be why changing contextual cues related to deprivation state may have had greater effect on FN compared to simple discrimination performance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of a high-energy diet on hippocampal-dependent discrimination performance and blood–brain barrier integrity differ for diet-induced obese and diet-resistant rats

Davidson¹,

Monnot²,

Neal³

et al. 2012

Physiology & Behavior

175

134

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Rats that consume high-energy (HE) diets (i.e., diets high in saturated fats and sugar) show impaired hippocampal-dependent learning and memory (e.g., [1]). To further investigate this effect, we trained rats given restricted access to low-fat lab chow on hippocampal-dependent serial feature-negative (FN) and hippocampal-independent simple discrimination problems. When training was completed, Group Chow received ad libitum lab chow. The remaining rats received ad libitum HE diet. Performance on both discrimination problems was tested following 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of HE diet exposure. FN, but not simple discrimination, was abolished initially for all rats, and then re-emerged for Group Chow. For rats fed HE diet, those that weighed the least and had lowest amount of body fat (HE-diet resistant (HE-DR) rats), performed like Group Chow on both discrimination problems. However, HE diet-induced obese (HE-DIO) rats (i.e., rats that weighed the most weight and had the most body fat) performed like Group Chow on the simple discrimination problem, but were impaired throughout testing on the FN problem. Subsequent assessment of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability revealed that concentrations of an exogenously administered dye were elevated in the hippocampus, but not in the striatum or prefrontal cortex for HE-DIO rats relative to the HE-DR and Chow groups. The results indicate that the adverse consequences of HE diet on hippocampal-dependent cognitive functioning are associated with detrimental effects on the BBB and that both of these outcomes vary with sensitivity to HE diet-induced increases in weight and adiposity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of a high-energy diet on hippocampal-dependent discrimination performance and blood–brain barrier integrity differ for diet-induced obese and diet-resistant rats

Davidson¹,

Monnot²,

Neal³

et al. 2012

Physiology & Behavior

175

134

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“…If this were true, extinctionof-modulation would boil down to an instance of contextual modulation-of-modulation. The plausibility of this hypothesis is increased by the fact that, given concurrent context-dependent (Cx 1 /Cx 2 ) FP reversal training type [Cx 1 (X→A+/A‫,)מ‬ Cx 2 (X→A‫/מ‬A+)], modulation-by-context of the modulatory ability of X has, indeed, successfully been demonstrated (e.g., Nakajima 1994Nakajima , 1998, suggesting that the effect of X→A‫מ‬ presentations can-at least in principle-be controlled by the context.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Extinction and renewal of Pavlovian modulation in human sequential Feature Positive discrimination learning

Baeyens

Vansteenwegen²,

Beckers³

et al. 2005

Learn. Mem.

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Using a conditioned suppression task, we investigated extinction and renewal of Pavlovian modulation in human sequential Feature Positive (FP) discrimination learning. In Experiment 1, in context a participants were first trained on two FP discriminations, X→A+/A− and Y→B+/B−. Extinction treatment was administered in the acquisition context a (aaa group) or in a new context b (aba group), and comprised X→A− extinction and Y− control trials. Discriminative X→A/A responding was lost in both groups when tested in the extinction context, but partially recovered in the aba and not in the aaa group when tested in the acquisition context, suggesting extinction and renewal of extinguished modulation. The same was observed for the Y→B/B control pair, however, questioning whether the loss of discriminative X→A/A responding represented genuine extinction of modulation. In Experiment 2, including only aba groups, participants were trained in context a on two FP discriminations, X→A+/A− and Y→B+/B−, after which the group "Extinction" was exposed to X→A− extinction trials in context b, whereas the group "Control" was exposed to X− control trials; concurrently, both groups received further Y→B+/B− training. In the group Control, differential Y→B/B and X→A/A responding were acquired and maintained throughout the experiment. In the group Extinction, while Y→B/B responding was also maintained throughout, differential X→A/A responding disappeared because of X→A− extinction treatment when tested in the extinction context b, but partially reappeared when tested in the acquisition context a. This evidences aba-renewal of extinguished modulation.In a Pavlovian sequential Feature Positive (FP) discrimination task, a conditioned stimulus A (the "target" stimulus) is followed by presentation of an unconditioned stimulus (US) only if target A is preceded by another stimulus X (the "feature" stimulus), hence X→A+/A‫.מ‬ In animal studies, this conditioning schedule has been found to result in feature X becoming a "facilitator" or "positive occasion setter" that controls the behavioral expression of the association between the target A and the US (Holland 1992). Lamoureux et al. (1998) (see also Holland 1992) argued that such a modulatory strategy is invoked in sequential FP training because the stimulus that is crucial for an adequate resolution of the discrimination, that is, feature X, does not succeed in acquiring a direct excitatory association with the US. That is, the less valid US predictor A will, because of its relative advantage over X in terms of temporal contiguity with the US, overshadow the opportunity for the more valid cue X (or its memory trace) to acquire the required direct excitatory associative strength. In order to resolve this impasse, a strategy is deployed whereby an excitatory A-US association is formed that is modulated by feature X.Two special characteristics of occasion setters distinguish them from simple Pavlovian excitors and theoretically justify treating them as a functionally different class of Pavlovian...

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“…In Japan, Nakajima (1992Nakajima ( , 1993Nakajima ( , 1994aNakajima ( , 1994bNakajima ( , 1997cNakajima ( , 1998b) studied occasion setting in pigeons' autoshaping, where birds can learn that a tone feature signals whether an illuminated disk (a CS) on the wall predicts delivery of food (a US) or not. A series of Nakajima's research have two purposes.…”

Section: Occasion Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, responses conditioned in a context (Context A) and then extinguished in another context (Context B) may reappear by returning the rats to the original Figure 2. Trial types of higher-order occasion setting training employed by Nakajima (1994aNakajima ( , 1994b. The hierarchical inversion rule is in effect for each training task.…”

Section: Renewal Of Extinguished Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A simple Pavlovian conditioning is two‐term contingency learning between a CS and a US, and occasion setting is three‐term contingency learning consisting of a feature, a CS and a US. Nakajima (1994b) trained pigeons to learn four‐term contingency, where houselight illumination conditions (dark and lit contexts) controlled which of feature‐positive and feature‐negative discrimination tasks was in effect (Figure 2a). Nakajima (1994a) also provided pigeons with a more complicated four‐term contingency task (Figure 2b).…”

Section: Occasion Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Associative learning in animals: A selective review of recent topics and contribution of Japanese researchers¹

Nakajima

2004

Jpn Psychol Res

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This article addressed several important topics in the field of associative learning in nonhuman animals: event contingency, associative retardation (learned helplessness and irrelevance), occasion setting, renewal of extinguished responses, acquired equivalence and distinctiveness, differential outcome effect, and retrospective inference. These topics have been studied with Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning preparations as behavioral test tubes for assessing animals' cognitive abilities. The empiric data are suggesting highly cognitive abilities of animals in event processing. This article also reviewed studies conducted by Japanese psychologists taking the modern associationists approach. Although activities of Japanese researchers in this field of research are high, they are required to make a more unique contribution to the field.

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Contextual control of pavlovian feature-positive and feature-negative discriminations

Cited by 10 publications

References 39 publications

The effects of a high-energy diet on hippocampal-dependent discrimination performance and blood–brain barrier integrity differ for diet-induced obese and diet-resistant rats

The effects of a high-energy diet on hippocampal-dependent discrimination performance and blood–brain barrier integrity differ for diet-induced obese and diet-resistant rats

Extinction and renewal of Pavlovian modulation in human sequential Feature Positive discrimination learning

Associative learning in animals: A selective review of recent topics and contribution of Japanese researchers¹

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Contextual control of pavlovian feature-positive and feature-negative discriminations

Cited by 10 publications

References 39 publications

The effects of a high-energy diet on hippocampal-dependent discrimination performance and blood–brain barrier integrity differ for diet-induced obese and diet-resistant rats

The effects of a high-energy diet on hippocampal-dependent discrimination performance and blood–brain barrier integrity differ for diet-induced obese and diet-resistant rats

Extinction and renewal of Pavlovian modulation in human sequential Feature Positive discrimination learning

Associative learning in animals: A selective review of recent topics and contribution of Japanese researchers1

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Associative learning in animals: A selective review of recent topics and contribution of Japanese researchers¹