Context-specific control and the Stroop negative priming effect

Milliken, Bruce; Thomson, David R.; Bleile, Karmen; MacLellan, Ellen; Giammarco, Maria

doi:10.1080/17470218.2012.656851

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(104 reference statements)

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“…Item/context-specific proportion congruent effects appear to be quite robust, as they have now also been reported in a picture-word Stroop task (Bugg et al, 2011), a consecutive trial variant of the Stroop task (Milliken et al, 2012), the flanker task (Lehle and Hübner, 2008), and a global-local letter identification task (Shedden et al, 2013). For a recent review of proportion congruency effects, see Bugg and Crump (2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Implicit learning modulates attention capture: evidence from an item-specific proportion congruency manipulation

Thomson¹,

Willoughby²,

Milliken³

2014

Front. Psychol.

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A host of research has now shown that our explicit goals and intentions can, in large part, overcome the capture of visual attention by objects that differ from their surroundings in terms of size, shape, or color. Surprisingly however, there is little evidence for the role of implicit learning in mitigating capture effects despite the fact that such learning has been shown to strongly affect behavior in a host of other performance domains. Here, we employ a modified attention capture paradigm, based on the work of Theeuwes (1991, 1992), in which participants must search for an odd-shaped target amongst homogeneous distracters. On each trial, there is also a salient, but irrelevant odd-colored distracter. Across the experiments reported, we intermix two search contexts: for one set of distracters (e.g., squares) the shape singleton and color singleton coincide on a majority of trials (high proportion congruent condition), whereas for the other set of distracters (e.g., circles) the shape and color singletons are highly unlikely to coincide (low proportion congruent condition). Crucially, we find that observers learn to allow the capture of attention by the salient distracter to a greater extent in the high, compared to the low proportion congruent condition, albeit only when search is sufficiently difficult. Moreover, this effect of prior experience on search behavior occurs in the absence of awareness of our proportion manipulation. We argue that low-level properties of the search displays recruit representations of prior experience in a rapid, flexible, and implicit manner.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Implicit learning modulates attention capture: evidence from an item-specific proportion congruency manipulation

Thomson¹,

Willoughby²,

Milliken³

2014

Front. Psychol.

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“…This Stroop effect can be measured by the difference in RT to incongruent items (i.e., the word “red” in green) and congruent items (i.e., the word “red” in red). Stroop-type tasks have been relied upon by researchers to measure and explore the processes related to reading (Brown et al, 2002), attention (Besner and Stolz, 1999; Roberts and Besner, 2005), as well as learning and automaticity (Crump et al, 2006; Milliken et al, 2012), to name a few.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In pursuit of off-task thought: mind wandering-performance trade-offs while reading aloud and color naming

Thomson¹,

Besner²,

Smilek³

2013

Front. Psychol.

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The present study investigated whether the frequency of probe-caught mind wandering varied by condition and had any impact on performance in both an item-by-item reading aloud task and a blocked version of the classic Stroop task. Across both experiments, mind wandering rates were found to be quite high and were negatively associated with vocal onset latencies and error rates across conditions. Despite this however, we observed poor correspondence between the effects of task demands on mind wandering rates and the effects of mind wandering on primary task performance. We discuss these findings in relation to attentional resource accounts of mind wandering and suggest that individuals can adjust the relative distribution of executive/attentional resources between internal and external goals in a way that maximizes off-task thought while preserving primary task performance.

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“…The authors argued that in the typical NP task with 1/3 attended repetition, 1/3 ignored repetition, and 1/3 control trials participants can strategically use the contingency between prime and probe stimuli (in 2/3 of trials the probe target was displayed at the prime), particularly if the probe selection is easy (no distractors present). Thus, the fact that NP diminishes without probe distractors is due to participants' having enhanced cognitive resources so that they can exploit contingencies in a strategic way (see also Milliken, Thomson, Bleile, MacLellan, & Giammarco, 2012).…”

Section: What Are the Neural And Electrophysiological Correlates Of Np?mentioning

confidence: 99%

The negative priming paradigm: An update and implications for selective attention

2015

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Negative Priming (NP) is an influential paradigm in cognitive psychology that was originally developed to measure attentional selection. Yet, up to the mid-1990s, a large number of experimental reports questioned whether the NP effect is based on attentional inhibition and/or episodic retrieval processes. In this review, we summarize findings since the mid1990s and discuss new and old theoretical approaches to Negative Priming. We conclude that more than one process contributes to NP and that future research should analyze the conditions under which a particular process contributes to NP. Moreover, we argue that the paradigm -although it does not measure a single cognitive process alone -is still a useful tool for understanding selection in cognition. In fact, it might be a virtue of the paradigm that several cognitive processes work here together as selection in nonexperimental contexts is surely a multidimensional process. From this perspective, research on NP is relevant for all research fields analyzing selection. We therefore close our review by discussing the implications of the new evidence on NP for theories of selective attention.

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Context-specific control and the Stroop negative priming effect

Cited by 11 publications

References 38 publications

Implicit learning modulates attention capture: evidence from an item-specific proportion congruency manipulation

Implicit learning modulates attention capture: evidence from an item-specific proportion congruency manipulation

In pursuit of off-task thought: mind wandering-performance trade-offs while reading aloud and color naming

The negative priming paradigm: An update and implications for selective attention

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