Context Recognition of Humans and Objects by Distributed Zero-Energy IoT Devices

Survey on 6G Frontiers: Trends, Applications, Requirements, Technologies and Future Research

“…Nodes that harvest more energy can share their energy with other nodes using energy cooperation. Presently, only about 0.6% of the 1.5 trillion objects in the real world are connected to the Internet [64]. The remaining devices are also expected to be connected in an energy efficient fashion together with the growth of future communication technologies and applications.…”

“…Importance of the Driving Trend: Zero energy IoT is an important driving trend towards future communication networks to enable maintenance-free and battery-less operation of a massive number of IoT devices. This requires mobile networks to be able to support ultra-low-power communication and efficient energy harvesting [64]. However, existing 5G network infrastructures do not support energy harvesting, especially as the electronic circuitry cannot efficiently convert the harvested energy into electric current [17].…”

A survey on the use of blockchain for future 6G: Technical aspects, use cases, challenges and research directions

“…Such a network will be able to provide sensing and localization services in addition to advanced communication and computing features [35], [42], [43]. • Zero Energy IoT: Generally, IoT devices will consume significantly more energy for communication than sensing and processing [44]. The development of ultra-low-power communication mechanisms and efficient energy harvesting mechanisms will lead to self-energy sustainable or zero energy IoT devices [44].…”

“…• Zero Energy IoT: Generally, IoT devices will consume significantly more energy for communication than sensing and processing [44]. The development of ultra-low-power communication mechanisms and efficient energy harvesting mechanisms will lead to self-energy sustainable or zero energy IoT devices [44]. • More Bits, Spectrum, and Reliability: The advancement of wireless communication technologies including coding schemes and antenna technologies will allow the utilization of new spectrum as well as reliably send more information bits over existing wireless channels [12], [35].…”