Context Processing and Context Maintenance in Healthy Aging and Early Stage Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type.

Braver, Todd S.; Satpute, Ajay B.; Rush, Beth; Racine, Caroline A.; Deanna, M

doi:10.1037/0882-7974.20.1.33

Cited by 178 publications

(258 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…1). These imaging-based age differences are consistent with prior behavioral studies, in which older adults exhibited smaller cue-based expectancy effects but also larger probe-related interference effects than younger adults (7)(8)(9).…”

supporting

confidence: 80%

“…Active maintenance of this frequently updated task goal information is required to bridge the delay between cue and probe presentation. In a series of behavioral studies, it has been shown that the AX-CPT task provides sensitive and specific indices of cognitive control function (7)(8)(9). Likewise, neuroimaging studies have reliably demonstrated the presence of lateral PFC activity related to the active maintenance of task goals during AX-CPT performance (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A task paradigm that has been frequently used to examine the underlying mechanisms of cognitive control is the AX version of the Continuous Performance Test, or AX-CPT (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15). This task is thought to measure goal representation, maintenance, and updating.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Flexible neural mechanisms of cognitive control within human prefrontal cortex

Braver

Paxton

Locke

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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A major challenge in research on executive control is to reveal its functional decomposition into underlying neural mechanisms. A typical assumption is that this decomposition occurs solely through anatomically based dissociations. Here we tested an alternative hypothesis that different cognitive control processes may be implemented within the same brain regions, with fractionation and dissociation occurring on the basis of temporal dynamics. Regions within lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) were examined that, in a prior study, exhibited contrasting temporal dynamics between older and younger adults during performance of the AX-CPT cognitive control task. The temporal dynamics in younger adults fit a proactive control pattern (primarily cue-based activation), whereas in older adults a reactive control pattern was found (primarily probebased activation). In the current study, we found that following a period of task-strategy training, these older adults exhibited a proactive shift within a subset of the PFC regions, normalizing their activity dynamics toward young adult patterns. Conversely, under conditions of penalty-based monetary incentives, the younger adults exhibited a reactive shift some of the same regions, altering their temporal dynamics toward the older adult baseline pattern. These experimentally induced crossover patterns of temporal dynamics provide strong support for dual modes of cognitive control that can be flexibly shifted within PFC regions, via modulation of neural responses to changing task conditions or behavioral goals.dorsolateral PFC ͉ event-related fMRI ͉ inhibition ͉ interference control ͉ working memory

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confidence: 80%

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confidence: 99%

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Flexible neural mechanisms of cognitive control within human prefrontal cortex

Braver

Paxton

Locke

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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569

677

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“…Participants were instructed to press the target button only when a specific probe item, X, occurred immediately following a particular contextual cue, A (hence the "AX" in the task name). Target AX trials occur with high frequency (70%), creating specific expectancies and response tendencies that can be examined, such as on AY trials (10%) that feature the usually reliable cue A but not the X probe, and on BX trials (10%) that have the X probe without the necessary A cue.Relative performance on these two types of nontarget trials, compared with the additional BY nontarget control condition (10%), provides an index of two types of cognitive control strategy: proactive and reactive control (for more information on the dual mechanisms of control theory, see Braver, Gray, & Burgess, 2007;Braver, Satpute, Rush, Racine, & Barch, 2005). Proactive control involves utilizing actively maintained context information to prime response selection.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Motivational influences on cognitive control: Behavior, brain activation, and individual differences

Locke¹,

Braver²

2008

Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience

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It is a truism of cognitive research that participants perform experimental tasks with varying levels of motivation. Some participants appear to show little interest and exert minimal effort in their task performance, whereas others seem to approach the task as a critical test, exhibiting a b burning desire to perform to their utmost ability. Yet, even though this variation in motivation is a well-known phenomenon, it seems to be underappreciated and underexplored. One source of variation might be a participant's motivational state while performing the task. A natural way to explore such a hypothesis is to experimentally manipulate motivational states-for example, by providing performance-based incentives-to assess their impact on cognitive performance. That is, by placing motivational states under experimental control, one can examine how such state-related effects af-f f fect how cognitive tasks are performed.It is also important to appreciate that providing a reward does not automatically and consistently instill motivation in participants, since individuals may differ in their reactions to rewards. Thus, a second source of variation might b be individual differences in motivation-related traits, such as sensitivity to different types of incentives. By measuring such types of trait variation, one can also estimate the impact on cognitive performance of stable individual differences in motivationally relevant variables. Currently, such motivationally oriented individual difference studies are almost nonexistent in the cognitive literature.Yet, even if motivational states are so experimentally controlled that all participants perform a task with equally strong motivation, whether or not increased motivation per se is sufficient to enact a change in task-relevant components of cognitive processing, so as to improve performance, is a separate question. Mere wanting, without appropriate directed action, does not imply obtainment. f Thus, a third source of variation might be the efficacy of the pathway that translates increased motivation into optimized cognitive processing.Neuroimaging techniques provide a particularly promising approach to understanding motivation by showing how variation in motivation-related states and traits affect the neural circuitry engaged during cognitive task performance. With this insight, it is possible to gain a greater understanding into the causal pathway where motivation affects cognition and thereby translates into changes in observable behavior. The goal of the present study was to explore this question by using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the following points: (1) r whether d reward-focused motivational states produce sustained d changes in brain activity and behavioral performance, and (2) whether such motivational manipulations show important influences related to individual differences.There has been a recent upsurge in attention in the cognitive neuroscience literature on the impact of reward incentives on brain activity and behavior. A wealth of ...

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“…Furthermore, participants may be strategy focused, suggesting ways to deal with the problem without considering the underlying logic of this (Renger and Hurley 2006) typifying many of the difficulties with the early stages of intervention development, where the risk is that intervention components are included without a clear underlying rationale (Webb et al 2010). Our research concentrates on people in the early stages of dementia, for whom logical thinking and working memory remain largely unimpaired (Pasquier 1999;Braver et al 2005) and visual cognition is generally preserved (Morris et al 2001), supporting the use of this type of logic mapping method. Guidance on conducting research with people with dementia suggests a non-judgmental stance, accepting what participants say, building rapport and working to make the participant feel valued (Hellström et al 2007); this guidance was followed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conceptualisation of self-management intervention for people with early stage dementia

et al. 2012

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Dementia is a major challenge for health and social care services. People living with dementia in the earlier stages experience a ''care-gap''. Although they may address this gap in care, self-management interventions have not been provided to people with dementia. It is unclear how to conceptualise self-management for this group and few published papers address intervention design. Initial focusing work used a logic mapping approach, interviews with key stakeholders, including people with dementia and their family members. An initial set of self-management targets were identified for potential intervention. Self-management for people living with dementia was conceptualised as covering five targets: (1) relationship with family, (2) maintaining an active lifestyle, (3) psychological wellbeing, (4) techniques to cope with memory changes, and (5) information about dementia. These targets were used to focus literature reviewing to explore an evidence base for the conceptualisation. We discuss the utility of the Corbin and Strauss (Unending work and care: managing chronic illness at home. JosseyBass, Oxford, 1988) model of self-management, specifically that self-management for people living with dementia should be conceptualised as emphasising the importance of ''everyday life work'' (targets 1 and 2) and ''biographical work'' (target 3), with inclusion of but less emphasis on specific ''illness work'' (targets 4, 5). We argue that selfmanagement is possible for people with dementia, with a strengths focus and emphasis on quality of life, which can be achieved despite cognitive impairments. Further development and testing of such interventions is required to provide much needed support for people in early stages of dementia.

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Context Processing and Context Maintenance in Healthy Aging and Early Stage Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type.

Cited by 178 publications

References 61 publications

Flexible neural mechanisms of cognitive control within human prefrontal cortex

Flexible neural mechanisms of cognitive control within human prefrontal cortex

Motivational influences on cognitive control: Behavior, brain activation, and individual differences

Conceptualisation of self-management intervention for people with early stage dementia

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