Context-dependent perceptual modulation of single neurons in primate visual cortex

Maier, Alexander; Logothetis, Nikos K.; Leopold, David A.

doi:10.1073/pnas.0608489104

Cited by 37 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Under these assumptions, the second model claims that the perceptual network is independent from the neural activity that represents the non-perceived motion adaptor, thus leading to the total suppression of high-level adaptation. In relation to our view of independent perceptual networks, a study by Maier, Logothetis, and Leopold (2007) showed that whether middle temporal (MT) neurons are perceptually modulated during flash suppression depended upon the rivaling monocular stimulus, indicating that the perceptual network is not fixed to a certain population of neurons. The implication of our hypothesis of independent circuitry for high-level adaptation and their view of a flexible perceptual network are interesting and calls for further investigation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Adaptation to invisible motion results in low-level but not high-level aftereffects

Maruya

Watanabe²,

Watanabe

2008

Journal of Vision

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After prolonged exposure to moving stimuli, illusory motion is perceived in stimuli that do not contain consistent motion, a phenomenon termed the motion aftereffect (MAE). In this study, we tested MAEs under binocular suppression that renders the motion adaptor invisible for the entire adaptation period. We developed a variant of the continuous flash suppression method to reliably suppress target motion stimuli for durations longer than several tens of seconds. Here, we ask whether motion systems are functional in the absence of perception by measuring the MAE, a question difficult to address using binocular rivalry that accompanies a switch of percept between visible and invisible. Results show that both the MAEs with static and dynamic tests are attenuated with an invisible adaptor when the adaptor and the test stimulus are presented to the same eye. In contrast, when the test pattern was presented to the other eye, the dynamic MAE was observed in invisible adaptor conditions. These results indicate that low-level adaptation survives under total binocular suppression, a finding predicted by previous studies. In contrast, disappearance of interocular transfer in the dynamic MAE suggests that a high-level motion detector does not operate when the motion adaptor is rendered invisible.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Adaptation to invisible motion results in low-level but not high-level aftereffects

Maruya

Watanabe²,

Watanabe

2008

Journal of Vision

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“…Activity in the early visual cortices is known to reflect the perceived size of an object, independently of its size on the retina (18), and the dominant percept during binocular rivalry (3,19,20), as well as the visual context of the target object (21). Behavioral experience and perceptual saliency also modulate the activity in those areas (22).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early visual brain areas reflect the percept of an ambiguous scene

Parkkonen¹,

Andersson

Hämäläinen

et al. 2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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When a visual scene allows multiple interpretations, the percepts may spontaneously alternate despite the stable retinal image and the invariant sensory input transmitted to the brain. To study the brain basis of such multi-stable percepts, we superimposed rapidly changing dynamic noise as regional tags to the Rubin vase-face figure and followed the corresponding tag-related cortical signals with magnetoencephalography. The activity already in the earliest visual cortical areas, the primary visual cortex included, varied with the perceptual states reported by the observers. These perceptrelated modulations most likely reflect top-down influences that accentuate the neural representation of the perceived object in the early visual cortex and maintain the segregation of objects from the background.bistable perception ͉ frequency tagging ͉ human ͉ magnetoencephalography ͉ visual system

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“…All training and data collection sessions began with a brief calibration procedure, during which the monkeys were presented with a small [0.2°of visual angle (dva)] fixation spot at one of nine positions on the screen (46). Each monkey was trained on both the receptive field mapping task and the illusory figure task (see Results and SI Methods for additional details).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Receptive field focus of visual area V4 neurons determines responses to illusory surfaces

Cox

Schmid

Peters

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Illusory figures demonstrate the visual system's ability to infer surfaces under conditions of fragmented sensory input. To investigate the role of midlevel visual area V4 in visual surface completion, we used multielectrode arrays to measure spiking responses to two types of visual stimuli: Kanizsa patterns that induce the perception of an illusory surface and physically similar control stimuli that do not. Neurons in V4 exhibited stronger and sometimes rhythmic spiking responses for the illusion-promoting configurations compared with controls. Moreover, this elevated response depended on the precise alignment of the neuron's peak visual field sensitivity (receptive field focus) with the illusory surface itself. Neurons whose receptive field focus was over adjacent inducing elements, less than 1.5°away, did not show response enhancement to the illusion. Neither receptive field sizes nor fixational eye movements could account for this effect, which was present in both single-unit signals and multiunit activity. These results suggest that the active perceptual completion of surfaces and shapes, which is a fundamental problem in natural visual experience, draws upon the selective enhancement of activity within a distinct subpopulation of neurons in cortical area V4.visual perception | illusory contours | modal completion | nonhuman primate | visual cortex V isual illusions are valuable stimuli for studying the neural basis of visual processing because they reveal the brain's internal mechanisms for interpreting sensory input. Illusory figures, for example, exploit the visual system's capacity to construct contours, shapes, and surfaces despite the lack of a continuous physical border (1, 2). Illusory figures are perceived by a range of phylogenetically diverse species, including monkeys, cats, owls, and bees, pointing to perceptual completion as a fundamental aspect of natural vision (3).Neural correlates of illusory figures have been found in a wide range of brain areas. Recordings in monkeys revealed that illusory figures evoke spiking responses from neurons in visual areas as early as V1 and V2 and as late as the inferotemporal cortex (4-9). Neuroimaging studies in humans similarly found responses to illusory figures throughout visual cortex (10-13).Several theoretical models postulate mechanisms of illusory figure perception (14-19). A common feature of these models is spatial integration of the inducing elements combined with an active interpolation to complete the surface. These processes are frequently assigned to neurons in midlevel areas, whose receptive fields are large enough to cover separate elements yet sensitive enough to distinguish between local features such as orientation, curvature, and colinearity (20,21). A range of evidence suggests that visual area V4 in particular may play an active role in surface completion. First, the receptive fields of V4 neurons are large by comparison with V1 and V2 receptive fields and are therefore able to integrate information across spatially separated stimulus ...

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Context-dependent perceptual modulation of single neurons in primate visual cortex

Cited by 37 publications

References 26 publications

Adaptation to invisible motion results in low-level but not high-level aftereffects

Adaptation to invisible motion results in low-level but not high-level aftereffects

Early visual brain areas reflect the percept of an ambiguous scene

Receptive field focus of visual area V4 neurons determines responses to illusory surfaces

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