Contesting the Iranian Revolution

Abstract

http://kirk.senate.gov/record.cfm?id=330818. It is also important to note that Senator Kirk's obsession with the Iranian government has led him to advocate policies that not only target the Iranian government but also harm the civilian population. Eli Clifton and Ali Gharib, "Pro-sanction group targets legal humanitarian trade with Iran," The Nation, November 13, 2014. Accessed May 22, 2015. www.thenation.com/blog/190601/pro-sanctions-group-targets-legalhumanitarian-trade-iran. 8 "Army says no to 'Khomeini rule' in Egypt," ahramonline, April 4, 2011. Accessed April 4, 2011. http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/9321.aspx. 9 ʿAli Khamenei, "Kho _ tbehhāye namāz jom'eh-ye tehrān + tarjomehye kho _ tbeh-ye ʿarabī." leader.ir, February 5, 2011. http://farsi.khamenei.ir/speech-content?id= 10955.

Who is Entitled to Oppose Planning Decisions? Politics of Rightful Resistance in Tehran

“…According to Moheimany (2021:124), “not only does this [competition] keep alive the hope of reform without demonstrations or violence amongst the masses, but it also acts as a means of redistributing power and wealth amongst the regime loyalists”. The 2009 uprising after one such election initially showed characteristics of rightful resistance, as protestors used some of the state's own discourses and symbolism (Alimagham 2020). However, following a brutal crackdown and the elimination of sympathetic officials from power, rightful resistance has only emerged in limited sector‐based gatherings with specific economic demands and has not been present in later political uprisings in 2017, 2018, and 2022.…”

Sanctuaries or Battlegrounds? State Penetration in Places of Worship, University Campuses, and State Bureaucracy for Pro-Government Mobilization: Evidence from Iran (2015–2019)

“…Pro-government mobilization in Iran again peaked in 2009, during the "Green Movement," when the state faced anti-government demonstrations in Tehran and a few other major cities. These demonstrations were the largest since the upheavals of the revolution (Alimagham, 2020). In that year, pro-government mobilization was used both to break up the opposition protests and show force in pro-government rallies independent of the protest events of the opposition.…”