Contents of trichothecenes in oats during official variety, organic cultivation and nitrogen fertilization trials in Finland

Abstract

Natural toxins, such as mycotoxins, have emerged as a significant factor affecting the safety image of cereal grains as a raw material for the food and feed industry.T he aim of the present study was to investigate the contents of trichothecenes in representative samples of oats during official variety, nitrogen fertilization and organic farming trials in Finland, 1997Finland, -1999. Further objectives were to promote industry and commerce by selection of high-quality oat varieties for various applications. The official variety trials conducted at 8-10 locations were managed following standard protocol. There were 2 types of agronomy trial, the first included comparison of oat cultivars grown in conventional and organic farming systems at 6 locations, and the second used 5 nitrogen rates (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg N ha -1 ) at 2 locations. Regardless of wet cold summer occurring in Finland during 1998, the concentrations of Fusarium toxins were lowest during this 3 year monitoring period. More mycotoxins were produced during the warm, dry summers of 1997 and 1999 than in 1998. In all, 55% of the oat samples in the official variety trials contained deoxynivalenol (DON) within the range of 50-896 µ g kg -1 . The differences in DON concentrations between organic and conventional cultivation were small. The results showed also that the use of various nitrogen fertilization levels only slightly affected the trichothecene concentrations. The contents of trichothecenes in Finnish grains appeared to be similar to or lower than those reported earlier in the Northern Hemisphere.

Preliminary survey on the co-occurrence of DON and T2+HT2 toxins in durum wheat in Italy

“…: DON). On the contrary T2 and HT2 toxins reach high levels in warm and dry seasons (Langseth and Rundberget 1999;Hietaniemi et al 2004;Imathiu et al 2013). These weather conditions generally occur both in late spring and in summer seasons in the Centre-South of Italy and in Sicily.…”

Impact du précédent cultural et de la fertilisation azotée sur la teneur en désoxynivalénol chez l’orge

“…D'après Maji et Imolehin (2002), Oldenburg (2004) et Fernandez et al (2005, l'application d'azote n'a également pas d'effet sur le développement de la fusariose chez le blé. Des essais effectués avec l'avoine ont également démontré que des fertilisations variant de 0 à 160 kg N@ha -1 avaient peu d'influence sur le contenu en désoxynivalénol (Hietaniemi et al 2004). D'après Teich et al (1987), une augmentation de la fertilisation (0 à 150 kg N@ha -1 ) a permis d'accroître la présence de fusariose chez deux des quatre cultivars de blé d'automne évalués.…”

LessFusariuminfestation and mycotoxin contamination in organic than in conventional cereals

“…Significantly lower trichothecene levels in organic compared to conventional samples have been presented for DON in wheat (Birzele et al 2002;Rossi et al 2006;Harcz et al 2007;Vanova et al 2008), in wheat and rye (Do¨ll et al 2002), in wheat-based foodstuff (Cirillo et al 2003), in wheat flour (Schollenberger et al 2002), in cereal food products (Schollenberger et al 1999), in bread (Schollenberger et al 2005), and for HT-2 þ T-2 in oats and oat products (Gottschalk et al 2007;Edwards 2009a) and in wheat (Edwards 2009b). On the other hand, no significant differences in trichothecenes in organic and conventional production have also been reported for DON in wheat (Champeil et al 2004;Hoogenboom et al 2008;Edwards 2009b), in wheat and rye (Olsen and Mo¨ller 1995;Berleth et al 1998), for DON and nivalenol in wheat (Ma¨der et al 2007), for DON in oats (Hietaniemi et al 2004) and for DON as well as HT-2/T-2 in barley (Edwards 2009c). In addition, higher DON level in organic than in conventional wheat has been reported by Malmauret et al (2002).…”