Content of Selected Flavonoids in 100 Edible Vegetables and Fruits

Cao, Jie; Chen, Wei; Zhang, Ying; Zhang, Yu‐Qiu; Zhao, Xiujuan

doi:10.3136/fstr.16.395

Cited by 60 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Soluble and hydrolysable flavonoid contents in this study were lower than those reported by Fategbe et al (2012). The variability in soluble and hydrolysable flavonoid content can depend on the eggplant variety used and the predominant flavonoid type, an observation also point out by Cao et al (2010).…”

Section: Nsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity in organically and conventionally grown eggplant (Solanum melongena) fruits following thermal processing

et al. 2015

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Thermal processing and production practices used in vegetables can cause changes in their phytochemical contents. Eggplant is characterized by its high antioxidant content. The objective of this work was to determine levels of anthocyanins, polyphenols, and flavonoids and antioxidant capacity in organically and conventionally grown eggplant prepared fresh or subjected to one of three thermal preparation methods: boiling, baking or steaming. The soluble and hydrolyzable polyphenols and flavonoids content were quantified by Folin-Ciocalteu and Aluminum chloride methods, respectively. Anthocyanins were quantified according to the pH differential method. Antioxidant capacity was determined by DPPH and DRAC methods. The results showed differences between organic and conventional eggplant for some variables although cultivation method did not have a consistent effect. Hydrolysable polyphenol content was greater, and soluble and hydrolysable antioxidant capacities were higher in organically grown eggplant, while anthocyanin content was greater in conventionally grown eggplant. Fresh eggplant produced under conventional cultivation had a much greater content of anthocyanins compared to that of other cultivation method-thermal treatment combination. In general, steamed eggplant contained higher total polyphenol and flavonoid levels as well as greater antioxidant capacity. Steamed eggplant from both conventional and organic systems also had high amounts of anthocyanins compared to other thermal treatments.

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Section: Nsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity in organically and conventionally grown eggplant (Solanum melongena) fruits following thermal processing

et al. 2015

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“…19,20 Flavonoids like apigenin, quercetin, genistein etc., have been shown to exhibit anti-cancer activity while being nontoxic to normal cells. 25 It is non-mutagenic and possesses antimicrobial, antiviral and anti-carcinogenic activities. The -OH and C=O groups present are reported to aid in the reduction of Au 3+ and in the stabilization of the AuNPs formed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Apigenin mediated gold nanoparticle synthesis and their anti-cancer effect on human epidermoid carcinoma (A431) cells

et al. 2015

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We report that the flavonoid, apigenin (4', 5, 7,-trihydroxyflavone) is able to form apigenin linked gold nanoparticles (ap-AuNPs) at RT with apigenin itself acting as the stabilizing agent.The synthesized ap-AuNPs have been characterised by UV-Visible spectroscopy, HR-TEM, DLS, FTIR and TGA analyses. The biocompatible nature of ap-AuNPs is shown by its nontoxicity towards normal epidermoid cells (HaCat). Additionally, it is shown to exhibit anticancer activity towards epidermoid squamous carcinoma cells (A431). The uptake of ap-AuNPs into A431 cells is seen by TEM. Apoptosis induced by ap-AuNPs in these cells is observed through EtBr/AO and DAPI staining. Flow cytometric results also reveal the occurrence of early apoptotic cells, late apoptotic cells and the presence of sub-G1 population. DNA prepared from ap-AuNPs treated A-431 cells reveals a ladder like pattern in agarose gel electrophoresis indicating oligonucleosomal cleavage which is a hallmark of apoptosis. The ap-AuNPs also inhibit angiogenesis as shown by Chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Taking the results together, we believe that ap-AuNPs show promise in treatment of skin cancer. The ap-AuNPs also have cytotoxic potential against the human cervical squamous cell carcinoma cell line -SiHa.indicating that almost a four-fold increase in capacity to kill the cancer cells is realized by the ap-AuNPs conjugation.The effect of ap-AuNPs on SiHa cells has also been studied. The results show a concentration and time dependent decrease in viability. On treatment with 200 µg / mL of ap-AuNPs for 24 h, the viability is found to be 52.7 ± 2.6 %, which further decreases to 44.2 ± 3.1 % and 31.8 ± 1.1 % after 48 h and 72 h respectively (Fig. S5a). Gallic acid conjugated gold nanoparticles (150µM) are reported to induce cell death in SiHa cells. 48 The viability results are comparable to that of A431 cells indicating that the ap-AuNPs exhibit comparable cytotoxicity towards these two types of epidermoid squamous carcinoma cell lines. Microscopy Analysis EtBr/AO and DAPI stainingThe EtBr/AO staining of HaCat and A431 cells treated with different concentrations (50, 100, 150 and 200 µg / mL) of ap-AuNPs for 48 h has been carried out. Fig. 5a shows that the control and treated HaCat cells possess similar morphology and fluoresce green, which indicates that they are viable. No significant difference is observed even in the presence of a higher concentration of ap-AuNPs (200 µg / mL). But at the same time, A431 cells treated at a concentration of 50 µg / mL of ap-AuNPs show the presence of a few dead cells (red fluorescence). The initial stage of membrane damage and reddish-orange colour stained cells are observed in the presence of 100 µg / mL of ap-AuNPs. The loss of membrane integrity with most of the cells fluorescing red post-treatment at concentrations of 150 and 200 µg / mL of ap-AuNPs has also been observed. Under these conditions, some cells are also found to detach from the plate (Fig. 5b).The concentration of Au in the ap-AuNPs was determined by atom...

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“…Solid-phase extraction was used to extract eight flavonoids in apple juice through C 18 cartridges, and methanol was selected as elution solvent (Ali et al 2011). In some cases, an acid treatment was applied to hydrolyze the glycosides in order to determine the content of free and conjugated flavonoids as aglycons (Cao et al 2010). Furthermore, synthetic antioxidants such as tertbutylhidroquinone (Sultana and Anwar 2008) or butylated hydroxytoluene (Cao et al 2010) can be added in order to avoid the oxidation of the compounds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Presence of Phenolic Compounds in Different Varieties of Apple by Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry

et al. 2014

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Phenolic acids, flavanols, flavonols, flavones and dihydrochalcones are found in apples. An extraction procedure with minimal pre-treatment and an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/ MS) method have been validated to determine polyphenols in flesh and peel of several varieties of apples (Golden, Granny, Pink Lady, Red, Royal, Ambrosia and Fuji). The varieties with the highest concentration of phenolic compounds in flesh were Granny and Fuji (793.8 and 793.1 mg/kg dry weight (DW), respectively), whereas the highest concentration in peel was obtained in Pink Lady (4,106.7 mg/kg DW), showing significant differences in relation to the other varieties. The peel of apple showed higher polyphenolic content than flesh because of the high levels of flavonols glycosides, epicatechin and phloridzin. The phenolic content in fresh-cut apple (Royal variety) was also evaluated, observing a higher concentration of phenolic compounds in fresh apple (562.8 and 3,339.5 mg/kg DW in flesh and peel, respectively) than in fresh-cut apple (375.8 and 2,475.3 mg/kg DW in flesh and peel, respectively).

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Content of Selected Flavonoids in 100 Edible Vegetables and Fruits

Cited by 60 publications

References 19 publications

Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity in organically and conventionally grown eggplant (Solanum melongena) fruits following thermal processing

Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity in organically and conventionally grown eggplant (Solanum melongena) fruits following thermal processing

Apigenin mediated gold nanoparticle synthesis and their anti-cancer effect on human epidermoid carcinoma (A431) cells

Evaluation of the Presence of Phenolic Compounds in Different Varieties of Apple by Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry

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