Content of norepinephrine and serotonin in symmetrical divisions of the brain of rats in the norm during learning and with the administration of peptides

Abstract

The content of norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT) in the right and left halves of the brain of rats was compared in the norm, during the development of defensive two-way avoidance conditioned reflexes (TWACR), and with the administration of peptides which influence learning and memory, namely desglycine-arginine vasopressin (DG-AVP), ACTH4-7 pro-gly-pro, and dalargin. These investigations demonstrated that the content of NE in the right cerebral hemisphere is significantly higher than in the cortex of the left. Significant differences were not detected with respect to the 5-HT content in symmetrical parts of the brain. The asymmetry of the NE content was eliminated under the influence of the development of the TWACR. The systemic administration of DG-AVP, ACTH4-7 pro-gly-pro, and dalargin essentially did not alter the 5-HT content, and decreased the NE content in the cortex and in the rest of the brain. In the process the NE content of the right and left hemisphere evened out. The data obtained point to the asymmetrical character of the action of the neuropeptides and to the greater resistance of the serotoninergic system of the brain to a functional load and the administration of peptides by comparison with the noradrenergic system.

Lateralized hippocampal effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide on learning and memory in rats in a model of depression

“…Asymmetrical characters of neuropeptide action in both intact animals and animals with brain lesions have been reported (Bakalkin 1989;Kruglikov et al 1992). On the ground of these findings, we hypothesize that the lateralized effect of VIP on learning and memory in OBX rats could be attributed to a hemispheric asymmetry in the number of VIP interneurons and/or VIP receptors in the hippocampus and to asymmetry in the projections from the hippocampus to other brain structures involved in the learning processes or in the neurotransmitter systems which VIP interacts with.…”

Chewing and Cognitive Improvement: The Side Matters

“…In particular, the ER was larger in right dominant subjects. Since noradrenergic ascending projections are mainly ipsilateral ( Berridge and Waterhouse, 2003 ; Wagner-Altendorf et al, 2019 ), this finding could be related to a larger noradrenergic tone impinging on the right hemisphere ( Kruglikov et al, 1992 ), dominant for those spatial skills ( Joseph, 1988 ) required in the matrices test. An excessive level of basal noradrenergic activity is in fact detrimental for performance, according to the “adaptive gain theory” proposed by Aston-Jones and Cohen (2005) .…”

Prepartum, Postpartum, and Chronic Depression Effects on Newborns

“…Greater relative right frontal EEG activation is thought to underlie the disposition towards negative affect and depression (see Davidson 1995;2000), poor emotion regulation (Fox 1994), and the processing of novel stimuli leading to a disruption of ongoing cognitive processes (Dawson 1994). These differences in hemispheric EEG activity may arise from lateralized cortical and subcortical innervation by neurotransmitter systems (Davidson 1995), including norepinephrine (Deleplanque, Delrue, Vitiello, & Neveu 1993;Kruglikov, Orlova, & Getsova 1992), dopamine (Sullivan & Gratton 1999;Tucker & Williamson 1984), and serotonin (Belcheva, Belcheva, Petkov, Hadjiivanova, & Petkov, 1997). Furthermore, greater right frontal EEG asymmetry has been associated with high levels of cortisol (Buss et al, 2003) and norepinephrine and low levels of dopamine in infants.…”