“…Melatonin is not unique to vertebrates but is also produced in invertebrates, unicells, and plants, none of which possess a pineal gland and some of which, i.e., unicells, have no organs whatsoever (37,50,51). These nonvertebrates need melatonin for some of the same reasons vertebrates do, e.g., as an antioxidant (37). Some plants already have been genetically engineered to produce elevated quantities of melatonin, which protects them from free radical-producing environmental stressors (temperature extremes, drought, disease) (8,9).…”