Content of Antioxidative Caffeoylquinic Acid Derivatives in Field-Grown Ligularia fischeri (Ledeb.) Turcz and Responses to Sunlight

Abstract

Ligularia fischeri (Ledeb.) Turcz, a commercial leafy vegetable, contains caffeoylquinic acid derivatives (CQAs) as major phenolic constituents. The HPLC chromatograms of leaf extracts collected from different areas in Korea showed a significant variation in CQA amount, and two tri-O-caffeoylquinic acids (triCQAs) were purified and structurally identified by NMR and MS from this plant. Radical scavenging activities among CQAs were found to be increased in proportion to the number of caffeoyl groups. Since this plant prefers damp and shady growth conditions, the effects of sunlight were investigated by growing plantlets in sunlight and shade for four weeks. Greater leaf thickness and higher phenolic contents were found for leaves grown in sunlight than in shade. Four major CQAs-5-mono-O-caffeoylquinic acid (5-monoCQA), and 3,4-, 3,5-, and 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (diCQA)-were induced by solar irradiation, whereas the content of these compounds decreased steadily in shade leaves. The leaves of L. fischeri clearly showed adaptation responses to sunlight, and these characteristics can be exploited for cultivation of this plant for potential use as a nutraceutical and functional food.

Effects of Various Cooking Methods on Content, Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity, and Bioaccessibility of Caffeoylquinic Acids in Ligularia fischeri (Ledeb.) Turcz, Gom-Chi

“…The amount of 5-CQA, 4-CQA, 3-CQA, and 3,4-di-CQA was 136.72, 2144.44, 16.81, and 421.93 μg/g fresh weight of fresh Gom-chi, respectively. Different constituents of CQAs in fresh Gom-chi were previously identified by other investigators (Shang et al, 2010;Kim et al, 2012). Kim et al (Kim et al, 2012) reported that methanol extract of air dried Gom-chi contained 5-CQA, 3,4-di-CQA, 3,5-di-CQA, and 4,5-di-CQA.…”

“…Different constituents of CQAs in fresh Gom-chi were previously identified by other investigators (Shang et al, 2010;Kim et al, 2012). Kim et al (Kim et al, 2012) reported that methanol extract of air dried Gom-chi contained 5-CQA, 3,4-di-CQA, 3,5-di-CQA, and 4,5-di-CQA. Shang et al, (Shang et al, 2010) found that four major components including 5-CQA, 3,4-di-CQA, 3,5-di-CQA, and 4,5-di-CQA were identified from 70% ethanol extract of air-dried Gom-chi.…”

“…It is also a perennial vegetable plant and cultivated in moist, shady areas in various countries in Europe and eastern Korea (Shang et al, 2010;Kim et al, 2012). Gom-chi has been recognized as plant predominantly contains caffoylquinic acids .…”

Evaluation of polyphenol composition and biological activities of two samples from summer and winter seasons ofLigularia fischerivar.SpiciformisNakai

“…Similarly, the seasonal factors can affect the phenolic composition of plant tissues during the vegetative cycle [8]. Previously, four major caffeoylquinic acid derivatives were higher in sunlight grown areas, whereas the content of these compounds decreased steadily in shade leaves of Ligularia fischeri [12].…”

“…The leaves of this plant have been also used for several medicinal purposes, especially in the treatment of jaundice, scarlet fever, rheumatoid arthritis and hepatic function failure [1]. Previous studies reported that L. fischeri leaves contained phenolic constituents of caffeoylquinic acid derivatives [12], norsesquiterpene deriva-Acta Biologica Hungarica 66, 2015 tives [25], terpenoids, spiciformisins a, b, and monocyclosqualene [13]. Ligularia fischeri extracts were used for various biological activities such as a protective effect against hepatotoxic [4], cancer prevention [1], antimutagenic and antigenotoxic activities [7].…”