Content and mode of information processing in major depressive disorder

Ingram, Rick E.; Fidaleo, Raymond A.; Friedberg, Robert D.; Shenk, James L.; Bernet, Christine Z.

doi:10.1007/bf02230401

Cited by 16 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Structural and prepositional models (e.g., Beck, 1967; Ingram, 1984; Teasdale & Barnard, 1993) focus on cognitive structures (e.g., negative self‐schema) and the content that is contained within these structures. Structural models are perhaps the most widely cited models of depression (for a review, see Ingram, Miranda, & Segal, 1998) and have received some empirical support (e.g., Ingram, Fidaleo, Friedberg, Shenk, & Bernet, 1995; Ingram, Partridge, Scott, & Bernet, 1994; Segal & Ingram, 1994; Teasdale, Taylor, Cooper, Hay‐hurst, & Paykel, 1995).…”

Section: Theoretical Accounts Of Depressive Cognitionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depression and the ironic effects of thought suppression: Therapeutic strategies for improving mental control.

Beevers¹,

Wenzlaff²,

Hayes³

et al. 1999

Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice

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Research indicates that depressed individuals are espccially likely t o engage in thought suppression in an attempt t o achieve mental control over the thoughts that threaten their emotional well-being. In this reporC, we examine the process and problems of thought suppression and offer several strategies designed t o enhance mental control. Strategies that improve mental control increase the availabilky and accessibility of effectlve distractions and optimize mental resources. Mental control can also be improved by reducing the number of unwanted negative thoughts (e. g. , via cognitbe therapy) and by using alternative strategies t o thought suppression (e.g., acceptance-based strategies). An understanding of the counterproductive aspects of thought suppression and the identification of more effective alternatives can ofFer new insights into the cognitive factom that may contribute t o depression and those that help t o alleviate it.There once was a man who hated his own footprints. In order to get awayfiom thefootprints, the man ran faster and facter. But the faster he ran, the more footprints he made. Andfinally, he ran himselfto death. G Bruya, 1992) The moral of this ancient parable is echoed by recent research which shows that trying to mentally "run away" Zhuangzi, 300 BC (adapted by Chung

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Section: Theoretical Accounts Of Depressive Cognitionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depression and the ironic effects of thought suppression: Therapeutic strategies for improving mental control.

Beevers¹,

Wenzlaff²,

Hayes³

et al. 1999

Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice

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“…An important test of the ATQ–P is its ability to discriminate between psychopathological and nonpsychopathological states; many psychopathological states should be characterized by lowered levels of positive cognition. A number of studies have collected data that are relevant to this question (i.e., Bruch et al, 1993; Burgess & Haaga, 1994; Ingram, 1989a, 1989b; Ingram, Atkinson, et al, 1990; Ingram, Bernet, & McLaughlin, 1994; Ingram, Fidaleo, Friedberg, Shenk, & Bernet, 1995; Ingram, Slater, et al, 1990, Ingram & Wisnicki, 1988; London, 1989; McDermut & Haaga, 1994). Data from these studies are summarized in Table 1.…”

Section: Construct Validitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychometric properties of the Positive Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire.

Ingram¹,

Kendall²,

Siegle³

et al. 1995

Psychological Assessment

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The Positive Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ-P) was designed to assess the frequency of positive self-statements. This article reports original data and reviews other studies that have used the ATQ-P. These data show that the reliability and the norms of the ATQ-P appear stable and that the ATQ-P is inversely associated with negative affective states but unrelated to conditions such as medical condition not accompanied by psychological distress. The ATQ-P also shows adequate convergent and discriminate validity. Data also show that the ATQ-P conforms to theoretical predictions of the states-of-mind model. Finally, these data show that the ATQ-P is sensitive to cognitive changes. In sum, the results suggest that the ATQ-P is an effective measure of positive self-statement frequency.

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“…De hecho, otros autores (Ingram y Reed, 1986;Chaplin et al, 1988;Brown et al, 1990;Ingram et al, 1995) han discrepado de la idea de un autoesquema depresivo monolítico, sugiriendo que éste posee información tanto positiva como negativa. Consideran que para aproximeirse mejor a las representaciones mentales que los deprimidos tienen sobre ellos mismos, podría ser útil: a) conocer si la información a la que tienen acceso durante un episodio depresivo se experimenta como relacionada con una personalidad estable (rasgo) o, por el contrario, con su estado actual (estado); y, b) saber si estos sujetos continúan teniendo acceso tanto a la información positiva como a la negativa sobre el sí mismo.…”

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“…Se han empleado dos estrategias experimentales distintas para investigar las diferencias entre rasgo-estado en cuanto al contenido del autoesquema: algunos autores (Ingram et al, 1994(Ingram et al, , 1995, manipulan la selección del material estimular, ampliando las categorías empleadas hasta el momento. En vez de incluir únicamente adjetivos con valencia emocional negativa y no negativa, catalogan el material en adjetivos negativos-rasgo, negativos-estado y no negativos.…”

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La opinión negativa del sí-mismo en los trastornos depresivos

Marti¹,

Belloch

2002

RPPC

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Las teorías cognitivas de la depresión (Beck, 1967(Beck, ,1976 señalan que los sesgos negativos en el procesamiento de información son los responsables del mantenimiento, gravedad y duración del estado de ánimo deprimido. Sin embargo, los resultados de los estudios que intentan identificar tales sesgos no son consistentes. En este contexto, nuestro trabajo plantea explorar si durante un episodio depresivo el paciente sigue teniendo acceso a información tanto positiva como negativa sobre sí mismo, aunque matizada por criterios temporales. Para ello, 20 pacientes con depresión mayor, 18 distímicos y 20 sujetos controles no psiquiátricos completaron la tarea de codificación autorreferente, manipulando las instrucciones para que la realizaran teniendo en cuenta tres referentes temporales distintos: presente (actual), pasado y futuro. Los resultados mostraron que los deprimidos tienen una visión diferente de sí mismos para el presente, el pasado y el futuro, con matices interesantes por sus implicaciones en la investigación y en la clínica. Además, se observó que los deprimidos tienen una visión más negativa de sí mismos que los controles no deprimidos, independientemente del referente temporal que se utilice. Se discuten las repercusiones que estos resultados pueden tener tanto a nivel clínico como en la investigación de la psicopatología depresiva.Palabras clave : Depresión, sí-mismo, auto-esquema, auto-percepción, rasgo-estado. Negative viewabout the selfin depressive disordersAccording to cognitive theory of depression (Beck, 1967(Beck, ,1976, negatively biased Information processing is responsible for maintenance, severity and duration of depressive affect. However, the evidence does not consistently support this assumption. The present study was designed to ascertain if depressed patients have access not only to negative information about the self, but also to positivo one. Twenty patients with major depressive disorder, 18 with distimic disorder, and 20 nonpsychiatric controls completed a self-referent task. Instructions to perform the task were manipulated in order to fulfill it taking into account three different time-periods: present, past, and future. Data showed that depressed patients had a differei>t self-perception on each of the three time-periods investigated. Moreover, we observed that they had a more negative self-perception than nonpsychiatric controls during all of the time-periods. Implications for research and clinical practice are suggested. , 1998;Clark et al., 1999;Dozois y Dobson, 2001). En este contexto, los distintos modelos explicativos que se han generado sobre el trastorno destacan el papel que tienen los sesgos cognitivos en la etiología, mantenimiento, gravedad y duración del estado de ánimo depresivo. En todo caso, el planteamiento dominante desde hace años para la comprensión de la depresión unipolar sigue siendo el de A.T. Beck (Beck et al., 1979;

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Content and mode of information processing in major depressive disorder

Cited by 16 publications

References 21 publications

Depression and the ironic effects of thought suppression: Therapeutic strategies for improving mental control.

Depression and the ironic effects of thought suppression: Therapeutic strategies for improving mental control.

Psychometric properties of the Positive Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire.

La opinión negativa del sí-mismo en los trastornos depresivos

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