Content and dynamics of nutrients in the surface water of shallow Lake Mulehe in Kisoro District, South–western Uganda

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the content and dynamics of nutrients in the shallow (max. 6 m) Lake Mulehe. We collected 54 water samples from nine sampling stations between the wet season (March–May 2020 and dry season (June–August 2020). Nutrients; ammonia–nitrogen (NH4–N), nitrate–nitrogen (NO3–N), nitrite–nitrogen (NO2–N), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) were investigated in accordance with APHA 2017 standard procedures. Besides, physical parameters: Temperature, pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity and dissolved oxygen were measured in situ. The water quality index (WQI) was used to determine the water quality of Lake Muhele using drinking water quality standards developed by the Uganda National Bureau of Standards and the World Health Organization. Results indicated that nutrients (TN, NO3–N, TP, NH4-N, NO2–N and SRP) did not differ substantially between study stations (p > 0.05) but did reveal significant differences (p < 0.05) across study months. Besides, nutrient levels differed significantly between seasons (p < 0.05) except for SRP and NH4–N. The WQI values varied from 36.0 to 74.5, with a mean of 58.69. The recorded overall WQI value places Lake Mulehe’s water quality into the ‘poor’ category in terms of worthiness for human consumption. The study, therefore, recommends continuous pollution monitoring and enforcement of local regulations to reduce pollution in the lake as a result of anthropogenic activities.

Understanding Nutrient Loads from Catchment and Eutrophication in a Salt Lagoon: The Mar Menor Case

“…Nutrient excess is considered as the key factor for eutrophication [2][3][4], specifically nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) excess [5], from land sources such as agricultural and livestock practices and also urban discharges [6]. Excessive N and P loads to lakes and lagoons enrich the water [7], producing an increase in the plant growth, including algal bloom in the upper layers and an algae biological decomposition in deep water that reduces the oxygen content to hypoxic or anoxic conditions, finally producing heavy mortalities due to the lack of oxygen [1,[8][9][10].…”