“…In a flipped classroom, students are given access to learning materials through videos, reading materials, or other learning resources outside the classroom, while classroom time is used for discussion, collaboration, and application of concepts that have been learned (Diningrat et al, 2023). This approach provides opportunities for students to learn independently, adjust their own learning pace, and allows teachers to provide more personalized guidance to students (Putra et al, 2023;Pratiwi et al, 2022;Nayci, 2021). Thus, flipped classrooms encourage active student participation, promote deeper conceptual understanding, as well as increase interaction between students and teachers in the learning process (Aslan, 2022;Sengul, 2021).…”