“…To answer RQ1, content analysis (Grbich, 2007;Nagai, 2015;Stone, 2001) using the provisional coding approach (Saldaña, 2009) was done by the primary researcher to identify emotion that surfaced in participants' qualitative responses. Provisional lists generated from previous research findings, i.e., the 15 emotional constructs (Cleveland-Innes & Campbell, 2012) and the emotion categories (i.e., activity emotion, outcome emotions, and directed affectiveness) (Stenbom et al,2016a), were used in two coding phases.…”